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General Ecology > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

statistical population

A

the entire set of data of interest (i.e., the weights of all of the mice)

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2
Q

the entire set of data of interest (i.e., the weights of all of the mice)

A

statistical population

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3
Q

statistical sample

A

the measured portion, or subset, of the population

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4
Q

the measured portion, or subset, of the population

A

statistical sample

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5
Q

biological population

A

the aggregation of individual organisms of a single species inhabiting a given area

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6
Q

the aggregation of individual organisms of a single species inhabiting a given area

A

biological population

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7
Q

entire set of data about which one wishes to draw conclusions

A

statistical population

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8
Q

an entire set of measurements from a habitat, a community, a biological population, or a portion of a biological population

A

statistical population

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9
Q

a portion of a larger set of data

A

statistical sample

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10
Q

physical sample

A

a portion, or subset, of a collection of one or more material objects, either biotic or abiotic

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11
Q

a portion, or subset, of a collection of one or more material objects, either biotic or abiotic

A

physical sample

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12
Q

an example of a physical sample

A

taking 1 - liter sample of pond water

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13
Q

refers to a collection of data such as measurements of the temperature or phosphate content of pond water

A

statistical sample

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14
Q

when are sampling procedures biased

A

some members of the population are more likely to be recorded than others, or if the recording of some affects the recording of others

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15
Q

a single value could have an uncomfortably high probability of being far from the typical or average value. Therefore…

A

a series of replicated measures should be taken

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16
Q

species-sample curve

A

cumulative number of species is plotted against the cumulative number of physical samples, where each sample might be a plot

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17
Q

cumulative number of species is plotted against the cumulative number of physical samples, where each sample might be a plot

A

species-sample curve

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18
Q

species-area curve

A

cumulative number of species is plotted against the cumulative size of the area sampled

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19
Q

cumulative number of species is plotted against the cumulative size of the area sampled

A

species-area curve

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20
Q

performance curve

A

examines the mean value of a set of measurements for an ecological variable

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21
Q

examines the mean value of a set of measurements for an ecological variable

A

performance curve

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22
Q

example of performance curve

A

the mean density or biomass for a given species plotted as a function of the cumulative number of samples or cumulative area sampled

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23
Q

plots a cumulative mean of some variable instead of the cumulative number of species

A

performance curve

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24
Q

subsamples

A

portions of samples taken in the field later examined in the lab

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25
Q

must be randomly taken from the sample (shaking, mixing, or blending sample) to reflect characteristics of entire sample

A

subsample

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26
Q

experimental design

A

the planning of field/lab studies

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27
Q

details with the questions to be asked in a study, the selection of variabls to be studied, and the choice of a sampling program.

A

experimental design

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28
Q

most commonly used experimental design

A

two-sample comparison

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29
Q

two-sample comparison

A

one selects two situations in which all conditions but one are equal (or nearly equal)

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30
Q

Statistical methods

A

allow an ecologist to engage in three very important activities:

  1. quantitatively describing/summarizing characteristics of sets of data
  2. drawing conclusions about large sets of data
  3. objectively assessing differences and relationships between sets of data
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31
Q

parameter

A

a measure that describes or characterizes an entire population of data

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32
Q

a measure that describes or characterizes an entire population of data

A

parameter

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33
Q

statistics

A

descriptive measures derived from the data in samples taken from the population

34
Q

median

A

middle measurement in a ranked listing of data

35
Q

range

A

the difference between the largest and smallest data in the collection

36
Q

accuracy

A

closeness of a measured value to the true value

37
Q

if a measure is consistently high or consistently low, it is said to be

A

biased

38
Q

precision

A

the closeness of repeated measurements to each other

39
Q

the closeness of a computed estimate to the actual value being estimated

A

precision

40
Q

an interval that, with a stated level of confidence, may be said to include the population mean

A

confidence interval

41
Q

sample size is predicted to be necessary for the desired precision in estimating the mean of the population

A

iteration

42
Q

the sampling of populations in a way that enables the drawing of objective conclusions about them

A

experimental design

43
Q

experimental design

A

the sampling of populations in a way that enables the drawing of objective conclusions about them

44
Q

a measure of the variability of data within the two samples

A

pooled variance

45
Q

pooled variance

A

a measure of the variability of data within the two samples

46
Q

a statement that the two population means are the same

A

null hypothesis

47
Q

null hypothesis

A

a statement that the two population means are the same

48
Q

when is the null hypothesis rejected

A

when the computed t value is as large as the appropriate value of t

49
Q

a specific kind of symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution of measurements

A

normal distribution

50
Q

statistical testing procedures that do not depend on such assumptions of normality or equality of variances

A

nonparametric or distribution-free methods

51
Q

nonparametric or distribution-free methods

A

statistical testing procedures that do not depend on such assumptions of normality or equality of variances

52
Q

most commonly used nonparametric/distribution-free method

A

Mann-Whitney test

53
Q

one can test for differences between two populations of data by examining a sample of data from each population

A

Mann-Whitney test

54
Q

can be used in instances where t-testing is inappropriate, as well as in those where t-testing is valid

A

nonparametric methods

55
Q

census

A

the total count of all individuals in a population or other group of interests

56
Q

the total count of all individuals in a population or other group of interests

A

census

57
Q

if a sampling method tends to underestimate or overestimate a characteristic of a population or community, it is…

A

biased

58
Q

abundance

A

the number of individuals in a given area

59
Q

density

A

the abundance expressed per unit area or unit volume

60
Q

if only half the area provides suitable habitat for the speicies in question, then the species would have an _______ of 80/ha

A

ecological density

61
Q

index of density

A

the number of individuals per unit of habitat or the number of individuals per unit of habitat or number per unit area

62
Q

population intensity

A

another name for index of density

63
Q

relative species density

A

the total number of individuals of a species expressed as a proportion (percentage) of the total number of individuals of all species

64
Q

relative population density

A

the number of individuals of a given species from one location or time expressed as a proportion of the total number of individuals of that species for all locations or times sampled

65
Q

frequency

A

the number of times a given event occurs

66
Q

relative frequency

A

the frequency of that species divided by the sum of the frequencies of all species in the community

67
Q

biomass

A

the weight of the individuals of a population or group of populations and is often expressed per unit area or volume

68
Q

the proportion of the ground occuied by a perpendicular projection to the ground from the outline of the aerial parts of the members of a plant species

A

coverage

69
Q

the diameter of the crown of foliage is taken at its densest portion, and the coverage area is determined by assuming a circular outline

A

foliage cover

70
Q

generally used in a field or prairie situation and consists of measuring the circumference or the diameter of a clump of grass 2 cm to 3 cm above the ground and calculating the circular area for the foliage

A

basal coverage

71
Q

determined from the trunk circumferences measured 1.5 m above ground

A

basal areas

72
Q

the proportion of its coverage compared to that of all species in the community combined

A

relative coverage

73
Q

the degree of cover

A

dominance

74
Q

a rectagle, square, circle, or other shapes

A

plot

75
Q

used interchangeably with plot, but strictly speaking is a square or rectangle

A

quadrat

76
Q

the number of individuals in a unit area

A

density

77
Q

the number of individuals of a given species as a proportion of the total number of individuals of all species

A

relative species density

78
Q

the chance of finding a given species within a sample

A

frequency

79
Q

the frequency of a given species as a proportion of the sum of the frequencies for all species

A

relative frequency

80
Q

the proportion of the ground occupied by a vertical projection to the ground from the aerial parts of the plant

A

coverage

General Ecology (16 decks)

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