Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Physiology (260) > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

which ventricle is thinker?

A

left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which ventricle is squishier?

A

right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where are the pectinate muscles?

A

in atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where are the papillary muscles?

A

in ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where do the chordae tendinae attach?

A

to the AV valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where are moderator bands?

A

only in ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the interventricular septum do?

A

separates ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a segment?

A

flat region of ECG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is an interval?

A

segment + wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is one heart beat length?

A

R to R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does the P wave do?

A

activate atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the QRS complex do?

A

activate ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the purpose of the T wave?

A

recovery wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the purpose of the chordae tendinae?

A

heart strings

connects the papillary muscle to the tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how do the valve of the heart open and close?

A

heart muscles contract and relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the AV between?

A

upper and lower chambers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where are the semilunar valves?

A

at base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is happening to the depolarization wave of the heart during the P-R segment?

A

action potential wave is moving through atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a normal resting heart rate for a human?

A

60-80bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what branch of the ANS is responsible for increasing heart rate?

A

sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what branch of the ANS is responsible for decreasing heart rate?

A

parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which wave on the ECG trace marks the onset of ventricular diastole?

A

end of T-wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is auscultation?

A

to listen to the heart and study the types of sounds we hear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what cause heart sounds?

A

the turbulence created in the blood flow when the various valves close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is lub?

A

the sound you hear when the AV valve closes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is dub?

A

the sound you hear when the semilunar valves close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

when does systole occur?

A

ventricles R - T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

when does diastole occur?

A

the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
P wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does a stethoscope allow you to do?

A

allows you to listen to the four major auscultator areas of the chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is stenosis?

A

narrowing of valve
inhibits blood flow
-hear defect before heart sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is insufficiency?

A

blood leakage through a valve

-hear after heart sound lub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the two components of blood pressure?

A

systolic pressure

diastolic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

when does systolic pressure occur?

A

at ventricular systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

when does diastolic pressure occur?

A

during ventricular diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

difference between the two values

systolic pressure and diastolic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how do you calculate mean blood pressure?

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is a sphygmomanometer?

A

cuff that wraps around one of the limbs

measures blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how does a sphygmomanometer work?

A

cuff is connected to a mercury manometer that measures the pressure of the cuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are three methods to determine systolic pressure with a sphygmomanometer?

A

palpatory
oscillatory
auscultatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the palpatory method?

A
  1. find the radial pulse
  2. when cuff is inflated the pulse will disappear
    - arterial blood flow stops
  3. slowly release the cuff pressure
  4. blood flow will be restored and you can feel a faint pulse
    - this equals systolic pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the oscillatory method?

A
  1. closely watch the memory meniscus as the cuff is being released
  2. a jumping motion will be detected in the meniscus as soon as systolic pressure is reached
  3. this continues until diastolic pressure is reached and the jumping motion will then stop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the auscultatory method (most common method)?

A
  1. place stethoscope on the distal artery below the cuff
  2. listen for the turbulent blood flow
    - happens when the artery is partially open
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what kind of sounds do you hear for the auscultatory method?

A

Korotkoff sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are the five phases of Korotkoff sounds?

A
  1. fairly sharp thudding and increase in intensity
    - for 10 mm Hg
  2. becomes a soft murmur
    - next 10 - 15 mm Hg
  3. becomes louder again
    - next 10 - 15 mm Hg
  4. becomes muffled and reduced intensity
  5. all sounds will cease
    - next 5 mm Hg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what do you use to measure pulse pressure?

A

finger pulse diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is a phonocardiogram?

A

cardio microphone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

when does mitrial stenosis occur?

A

before lub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

when does tricuspid insufficiency occur?

A

in between lub sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

when does aortic stenosis occur?

A

between lub and dub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

when does pulmonary insufficiency occur?

A

after dub sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

when does dub occur?

A

T wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

when does lub occur?

A

QRS complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what creates heart sounds?

A

contractions occur and the valves open and close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the cause of a pressure wave?

A

blood flow from contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

why is pulse pressure delayed?

A

because it has to get from the heart to the finger

-time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what happens to pulse rate when an individual goes from laying down to standing up?

A

pulse rate would increase when standing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what effect does gravity have on blood volume?

A

it would have to work harder on making the blood flow to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what effect does gravity have on blood pressure?

A

it would increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what are the major baroreceptors located in the body?

A

carotid sinus

aorta/aortic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

name a valvular heart murmur.

A

AV insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are two ways you know you’ve hit systolic pressure when using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope?

A

the needle on the gage will bounce

hear sounds louder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what are two ways you know you’ve hit diastolic pressure when using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope?

A

the needle on the gage would stop bouncing

hear sounds softer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

which valve causes the dub sound?

A

semilunar

64
Q

which valve causes the lub sound?

A

AV

65
Q

what is the major structural difference between semilunar and AV valve?

A

semilunar have cordena tendinae and AV valves do not

66
Q

blood leaving the pulmonary vein enters what chamber of the heart?

A

left atrium

67
Q

you note that the R-R interval takes .5 seconds, what is the heart rate for the individual?

A

60/.5 = 120 bpm

68
Q

in the cardiac cycle there are electrical and mechanical events. which always occurs first?

A

electrical

69
Q

define systole

A

contraction of the heart

70
Q

define diastole

A

before contraction of the heart

-relaxation

71
Q

define hematology

A

the study of the formed elements of blood

72
Q

what are the three categories of formed blood elements?

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes

73
Q

function of erythrocytes

A

carry oxygen

-RBC

74
Q

function of leukocytes

A

fight off antigens/pathogens

  • -important for immune system
  • WBC
75
Q

function of thrombocytes

A

blood clotting

-platelets

76
Q

function of a hematocrit

A

measure red blood cells

- also referred to as packed cell volume (PCV)

77
Q

what happens to PCV during exercise?

A

increases to circulate to increase oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle
increase due to fluid shift out of blood vessels to aid in sweat production

78
Q

what happens to total protein during exercise?

A

increase because loss of fluid due to sweat production

79
Q

what does total protein measure?

A

the amount of protein in a plasma or serum sample

80
Q

how many different types of WBCs are there?

A

5

81
Q

what white blood cells would a health animal have?

A

neutrophils and lymphocytes

82
Q

what instrument measures total protein?

A

refractometer

83
Q

what does a neutrophil look like?

A

lobe shaped nucleus

dark pink/purple

84
Q

what do thrombocytes look like?

A

shards

uneven cell

85
Q

what do you need in order to have RBCs?

A

iron

86
Q

what cells are in a buffy coat?

A

WBCs

87
Q

what would make WBC count increase?

A

being sick

they would increase to fight off antigens or pathogens

88
Q

list RBC WBC and platelets in order from largest to smallest

A

RBC
WBC
platelets

89
Q

which blood component is most prevalent?

A

RBC

90
Q

which blood component is least prevalent?

A

WBC

91
Q

what is the main function of the lung?

A

to transport and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of blood

92
Q

what lobes are on the left side of the lung?

A

cranial and caudal

93
Q

what lobes are on the right side of the lung?

A

cranial, middle and accessory

94
Q

how many lobes does a cow have on the right side of its lung?

A

five

the cranial lobe is divided into cranial and caudal parts

95
Q

how many lobes does a horse have on the right side of its lung?

A

three

middle lobe is missing

96
Q

what is spirometry?

A

measure our lung volume and capacities

97
Q

what is a spirometer?

A

device that consists of a bell float placed inside a water filled container

98
Q

how does a spirometer work?

A

there is an air pocket below the bell float
the air pocket is connected to the exterior by a breathing tube
as the person breathes into the tube, air is added to the air pocket and the bell float rises
the float is connected to a scale and measures the person’s lung volume and capacities

99
Q

what do you need to add together to get vital capacity (VC)?

A

tidal volume (TV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

100
Q

what happens to TV during exercise?

A

increases

-higher oxygen demand

101
Q

when does an animal reach maximized ventilation?

A

when TV = VC

102
Q

what is forced expiratory volume (FEV)?

A

measure of the % of VC that is exhaled at various time intervals

103
Q

how do you figure out minute ventilation?

A

respiratory rate (RR) x tidal volume (TV)

104
Q

what is the average breathing rate?

A

12 bpm

105
Q

how do you calculate IC?

A

TV + IRV

106
Q

how do you calculate EC?

A

TV + ERV

107
Q

how do you calculate EMV?

A

TV + RR

108
Q

how do you figure out FVC?

A

place the “M” on the peak of inhalation and move the cursor to the maximal expiration

109
Q

what affect does exercise have on expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes?

A

you need to be able to get more oxygen throughout your body faster so they would increase

110
Q

lungs are not hollow, so how does air get into the lungs?

A

alveoli

they are elastic and hollow

111
Q

in order to find the minute volume, you need to multiply the TV by what?

A

RR

112
Q

function of the kidney

A

filters blood and produces urine

113
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

114
Q

what does a horses right kidney look like?

A

heart

115
Q

what is special about a pig kidney?

A

it is not fused together on the inside

116
Q

what is special about a cow kidney?

A

it has clumpy lobes and the outside is not fused together

117
Q

what is the order for the structure of a kidney?

A

cortex - pyramid - papilla - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter

118
Q

function of calyx

A

drainage

119
Q

function of hilus

A

connection point

120
Q

what is the blood supply pathway for the kidney?

A
  1. renal artery
  2. segmental artery
  3. lobar artery
  4. interlobar artery - beteween lobes
  5. arcuate artery - base of pyramid
  6. interlobular artery - branches into cortex
  7. afferent arteriole
121
Q

what is a normal urine color?

A

transparent yellow

122
Q

what does it mean if urine is red?

A

there are RBCs in it

123
Q

what does it mean if urine is brown?

A

there is bilirubin in it

124
Q

what does it mean if urine is reddish brown?

A

there is hemoglobin or myoglobin in it

125
Q

what is a normal clarity for urine?

A

clear

-except horses

126
Q

what does cloudy urine mean?

A

abnormal concentration of formed elements

127
Q

what is a normal smell for urine?

A

slight ammonia smell

128
Q

what does a strong ammonia smell in urine mean?

A

protein break down or bacteria

129
Q

what does sweet smell in urine mean?

A

ketonuria

130
Q

how do you detect urine concentration?

A

specific gravity

131
Q

define specific gravity

A

the number of molecules plus their size

132
Q

how do you measure specific gravity?

A

refractometer

133
Q

how do you know if you have isosthenuria?

A

when specific gravity = 1.008 to 1.012

134
Q

what causes an increase in urine pH?

A

bacterial infection

urine retention in bladder

135
Q

what causes a decrease in urine pH?

A

acidosis
starvation
fever

136
Q

what is a normal urine pH for cat and dog?

A

5.5 - 7.5

137
Q

what is a normal urine pH for a horse?

A

7 - 8.5

138
Q

what is a normal urine pH for ruminant?

A

7.5 - 9

139
Q

what structures of the kidney enter the hilus?

A

urter

renal artery

140
Q

what does metabolism need to function?

A

ATP

141
Q

define anaerobic

A

phosphocreatine
glycolysis to lactic acid
short term

142
Q

define aerobic

A

oxidative phosphorylation

long term

143
Q

how does exercise alter the endocrine system?

A

insulin would decrease because you do not want to be storing glucose during exercise

144
Q

how does exercise alter respiration?

A

it increases

145
Q

define Vo2

A

O2 consumption

146
Q

define Vo2max

A

maximal rate of O2 consumption

147
Q

how does exercise alter the cardiovascular system?

A

increase cardiac output (4-8x)

148
Q

what does cardiac output equal?

A

heart rate x SV

149
Q

what does MAP equal?

A

cardiac output x peripheral resistance

150
Q

how does exercise alter thermoregulation?

A

increase
energy from metabolism is released as heat
-sweating
-cutaneous blood flow

151
Q

how do you calculate the max HR for a human?

A

220 - age

152
Q

what is the resting HR of a human?

A

60 - 80

153
Q

what is the resting blood pressure for a human?

A

120/80

154
Q

what is the mean blood pressure for a human?

A

93.3

155
Q

what does exercising do to blood pressure?

A

increases it

156
Q

what does diastolic change for blood pressure?

A

increases for anaerobic

-therefore increases mean pressure

Animal Physiology (260) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions