Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
which ventricle is thinker?
left
which ventricle is squishier?
right
where are the pectinate muscles?
in atrium
where are the papillary muscles?
in ventricles
where do the chordae tendinae attach?
to the AV valve
where are moderator bands?
only in ventricles
what does the interventricular septum do?
separates ventricles
what is a segment?
flat region of ECG
what is an interval?
segment + wave
what is one heart beat length?
R to R
what does the P wave do?
activate atria
what does the QRS complex do?
activate ventricles
what is the purpose of the T wave?
recovery wave
what is the purpose of the chordae tendinae?
heart strings
connects the papillary muscle to the tricuspid valve
how do the valve of the heart open and close?
heart muscles contract and relax
what is the AV between?
upper and lower chambers
where are the semilunar valves?
at base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery
what is happening to the depolarization wave of the heart during the P-R segment?
action potential wave is moving through atria
what is a normal resting heart rate for a human?
60-80bpm
what branch of the ANS is responsible for increasing heart rate?
sympathetic
what branch of the ANS is responsible for decreasing heart rate?
parasympathetic
which wave on the ECG trace marks the onset of ventricular diastole?
end of T-wave
what is auscultation?
to listen to the heart and study the types of sounds we hear
what cause heart sounds?
the turbulence created in the blood flow when the various valves close
what is lub?
the sound you hear when the AV valve closes
what is dub?
the sound you hear when the semilunar valves close
when does systole occur?
ventricles R - T
when does diastole occur?
the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood
P wave
what does a stethoscope allow you to do?
allows you to listen to the four major auscultator areas of the chest
what is stenosis?
narrowing of valve
inhibits blood flow
-hear defect before heart sound
what is insufficiency?
blood leakage through a valve
-hear after heart sound lub
what are the two components of blood pressure?
systolic pressure
diastolic pressure
when does systolic pressure occur?
at ventricular systole
when does diastolic pressure occur?
during ventricular diastole
how do you calculate pulse pressure?
difference between the two values
systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
how do you calculate mean blood pressure?
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
what is a sphygmomanometer?
cuff that wraps around one of the limbs
measures blood pressure
how does a sphygmomanometer work?
cuff is connected to a mercury manometer that measures the pressure of the cuff
what are three methods to determine systolic pressure with a sphygmomanometer?
palpatory
oscillatory
auscultatory
what is the palpatory method?
- find the radial pulse
- when cuff is inflated the pulse will disappear
- arterial blood flow stops - slowly release the cuff pressure
- blood flow will be restored and you can feel a faint pulse
- this equals systolic pressure
what is the oscillatory method?
- closely watch the memory meniscus as the cuff is being released
- a jumping motion will be detected in the meniscus as soon as systolic pressure is reached
- this continues until diastolic pressure is reached and the jumping motion will then stop
what is the auscultatory method (most common method)?
- place stethoscope on the distal artery below the cuff
- listen for the turbulent blood flow
- happens when the artery is partially open
what kind of sounds do you hear for the auscultatory method?
Korotkoff sounds
what are the five phases of Korotkoff sounds?
- fairly sharp thudding and increase in intensity
- for 10 mm Hg - becomes a soft murmur
- next 10 - 15 mm Hg - becomes louder again
- next 10 - 15 mm Hg - becomes muffled and reduced intensity
- all sounds will cease
- next 5 mm Hg
what do you use to measure pulse pressure?
finger pulse diaphragm
what is a phonocardiogram?
cardio microphone
when does mitrial stenosis occur?
before lub
when does tricuspid insufficiency occur?
in between lub sound
when does aortic stenosis occur?
between lub and dub
when does pulmonary insufficiency occur?
after dub sound
when does dub occur?
T wave
when does lub occur?
QRS complex
what creates heart sounds?
contractions occur and the valves open and close
what is the cause of a pressure wave?
blood flow from contraction
why is pulse pressure delayed?
because it has to get from the heart to the finger
-time
what happens to pulse rate when an individual goes from laying down to standing up?
pulse rate would increase when standing
what effect does gravity have on blood volume?
it would have to work harder on making the blood flow to the heart
what effect does gravity have on blood pressure?
it would increase
what are the major baroreceptors located in the body?
carotid sinus
aorta/aortic arch
name a valvular heart murmur.
AV insufficiency
what are two ways you know you’ve hit systolic pressure when using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope?
the needle on the gage will bounce
hear sounds louder
what are two ways you know you’ve hit diastolic pressure when using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope?
the needle on the gage would stop bouncing
hear sounds softer
which valve causes the dub sound?
semilunar
which valve causes the lub sound?
AV
what is the major structural difference between semilunar and AV valve?
semilunar have cordena tendinae and AV valves do not
blood leaving the pulmonary vein enters what chamber of the heart?
left atrium
you note that the R-R interval takes .5 seconds, what is the heart rate for the individual?
60/.5 = 120 bpm
in the cardiac cycle there are electrical and mechanical events. which always occurs first?
electrical
define systole
contraction of the heart
define diastole
before contraction of the heart
-relaxation
define hematology
the study of the formed elements of blood
what are the three categories of formed blood elements?
erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes
function of erythrocytes
carry oxygen
-RBC
function of leukocytes
fight off antigens/pathogens
- -important for immune system
- WBC
function of thrombocytes
blood clotting
-platelets
function of a hematocrit
measure red blood cells
- also referred to as packed cell volume (PCV)
what happens to PCV during exercise?
increases to circulate to increase oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle
increase due to fluid shift out of blood vessels to aid in sweat production
what happens to total protein during exercise?
increase because loss of fluid due to sweat production
what does total protein measure?
the amount of protein in a plasma or serum sample
how many different types of WBCs are there?
5
what white blood cells would a health animal have?
neutrophils and lymphocytes
what instrument measures total protein?
refractometer
what does a neutrophil look like?
lobe shaped nucleus
dark pink/purple
what do thrombocytes look like?
shards
uneven cell
what do you need in order to have RBCs?
iron
what cells are in a buffy coat?
WBCs
what would make WBC count increase?
being sick
they would increase to fight off antigens or pathogens
list RBC WBC and platelets in order from largest to smallest
RBC
WBC
platelets
which blood component is most prevalent?
RBC
which blood component is least prevalent?
WBC
what is the main function of the lung?
to transport and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of blood
what lobes are on the left side of the lung?
cranial and caudal
what lobes are on the right side of the lung?
cranial, middle and accessory
how many lobes does a cow have on the right side of its lung?
five
the cranial lobe is divided into cranial and caudal parts
how many lobes does a horse have on the right side of its lung?
three
middle lobe is missing
what is spirometry?
measure our lung volume and capacities
what is a spirometer?
device that consists of a bell float placed inside a water filled container
how does a spirometer work?
there is an air pocket below the bell float
the air pocket is connected to the exterior by a breathing tube
as the person breathes into the tube, air is added to the air pocket and the bell float rises
the float is connected to a scale and measures the person’s lung volume and capacities
what do you need to add together to get vital capacity (VC)?
tidal volume (TV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
what happens to TV during exercise?
increases
-higher oxygen demand
when does an animal reach maximized ventilation?
when TV = VC
what is forced expiratory volume (FEV)?
measure of the % of VC that is exhaled at various time intervals
how do you figure out minute ventilation?
respiratory rate (RR) x tidal volume (TV)
what is the average breathing rate?
12 bpm
how do you calculate IC?
TV + IRV
how do you calculate EC?
TV + ERV
how do you calculate EMV?
TV + RR
how do you figure out FVC?
place the “M” on the peak of inhalation and move the cursor to the maximal expiration
what affect does exercise have on expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes?
you need to be able to get more oxygen throughout your body faster so they would increase
lungs are not hollow, so how does air get into the lungs?
alveoli
they are elastic and hollow
in order to find the minute volume, you need to multiply the TV by what?
RR
function of the kidney
filters blood and produces urine
what is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
what does a horses right kidney look like?
heart
what is special about a pig kidney?
it is not fused together on the inside
what is special about a cow kidney?
it has clumpy lobes and the outside is not fused together
what is the order for the structure of a kidney?
cortex - pyramid - papilla - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis - ureter
function of calyx
drainage
function of hilus
connection point
what is the blood supply pathway for the kidney?
- renal artery
- segmental artery
- lobar artery
- interlobar artery - beteween lobes
- arcuate artery - base of pyramid
- interlobular artery - branches into cortex
- afferent arteriole
what is a normal urine color?
transparent yellow
what does it mean if urine is red?
there are RBCs in it
what does it mean if urine is brown?
there is bilirubin in it
what does it mean if urine is reddish brown?
there is hemoglobin or myoglobin in it
what is a normal clarity for urine?
clear
-except horses
what does cloudy urine mean?
abnormal concentration of formed elements
what is a normal smell for urine?
slight ammonia smell
what does a strong ammonia smell in urine mean?
protein break down or bacteria
what does sweet smell in urine mean?
ketonuria
how do you detect urine concentration?
specific gravity
define specific gravity
the number of molecules plus their size
how do you measure specific gravity?
refractometer
how do you know if you have isosthenuria?
when specific gravity = 1.008 to 1.012
what causes an increase in urine pH?
bacterial infection
urine retention in bladder
what causes a decrease in urine pH?
acidosis
starvation
fever
what is a normal urine pH for cat and dog?
5.5 - 7.5
what is a normal urine pH for a horse?
7 - 8.5
what is a normal urine pH for ruminant?
7.5 - 9
what structures of the kidney enter the hilus?
urter
renal artery
what does metabolism need to function?
ATP
define anaerobic
phosphocreatine
glycolysis to lactic acid
short term
define aerobic
oxidative phosphorylation
long term
how does exercise alter the endocrine system?
insulin would decrease because you do not want to be storing glucose during exercise
how does exercise alter respiration?
it increases
define Vo2
O2 consumption
define Vo2max
maximal rate of O2 consumption
how does exercise alter the cardiovascular system?
increase cardiac output (4-8x)
what does cardiac output equal?
heart rate x SV
what does MAP equal?
cardiac output x peripheral resistance
how does exercise alter thermoregulation?
increase
energy from metabolism is released as heat
-sweating
-cutaneous blood flow
how do you calculate the max HR for a human?
220 - age
what is the resting HR of a human?
60 - 80
what is the resting blood pressure for a human?
120/80
what is the mean blood pressure for a human?
93.3
what does exercising do to blood pressure?
increases it
what does diastolic change for blood pressure?
increases for anaerobic
-therefore increases mean pressure
