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Animal Physiology (260) > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a twitch?

A

a single cycle

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2
Q

what is a latent period?

A

delay between muscle action potential and beginning of muscle tension
-time required for Ca2+ release and binding to troponin

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3
Q

what is rigor mortis?

A

no ATP being produced

then you decompose

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4
Q

what is a single twitch?

A

muscle relaxes between stimuli

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5
Q

what is summation?

A

interval between action potential is shortened and muscle cannon fully relax
-produces more forceful contractions

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6
Q

what is tetanus?

A

state of maximal contraction

complete or incomplete

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7
Q

how much ATP is stored in muscle?

A

only a little bit

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8
Q

what does the muscle use for back up energy?

A

phosphocreatine (PCr)

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9
Q

how long is anaerobic glycolysis?

A

short term

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10
Q

how long is aerobic metabolism?

A

long term

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11
Q

what is muscle fatigue?

A

muscle no longer able to generate/sustain expected power

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12
Q

when can muscle fatigue occur?

A

at each step of muscle contraction

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13
Q

how is movement orchestrated?

A

by the CNS through control of motor unit

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14
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls

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15
Q

what are isotonic contractions?

A

creates force and moves a load

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16
Q

what are isometric contractions?

A

creates force without moving a load

-carrying groceries

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17
Q

what are concentric contractions doing?

A

shortening

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18
Q

what are eccentric actions doing?

A

lengthening

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19
Q

how do isometric contractions occur?

A

due to series elastic element

-sarcomeres still contract and create tension

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20
Q

what does contraction speed depend on?

A

muscle fiber type

load

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21
Q

when will contractions be fastest?

A

type 2B fiber

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22
Q

what are the different classifications of neural reflexes for the efferent divisions?

A

somatic

autonomic

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23
Q

what are the different classifications of neural reflexes for the CNS where information is processes?

A

spinal

cranial

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24
Q

what are the different classifications of neural reflexes at the time reflexes develop in life?

A

innate

learned

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25
Q

what are the different classifications of neural reflexes for the number of neurons in loop?

A

monosynaptic

polysynaptic

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26
Q

what is the input signal for a skeletal muscle reflex?

A

proprioceptor

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27
Q

what does the CNS determine for a skeletal muscle reflex?

A

determines if muscle should contract or relax

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28
Q

what is the output signal for a skeletal muscle reflex?

A

based on CNS decision

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29
Q

what does a somatic motor neuron do?

A

only contraction

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30
Q

do inhibitory neurons synapse on skeletal muscle?

A

no

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31
Q

where can you inhibit a contraction?

A

integrating center

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32
Q

what are the three types of proprioceptors?

A

muscle spindle
golgi tendon organ
joint receptors

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33
Q

what does the muscle spindle do?

A

detects muscle length

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34
Q

what does the goldi tendon organ do?

A

detects muscle tension

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35
Q

what does the joint receptors do?

A

detects changes in bone position

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36
Q

what do stretch receptor do?

A

signal brain about muscle length

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37
Q

what are stretch receptors made of?

A

specialized muscle fibers in a fusiform configuration intrafusal fibers

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38
Q

what is fusiform?

A

feather shaped

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39
Q

what are extrafusal fibers?

A

normal contractile muscle fibers

-alpha motor neurons

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40
Q

what does the muscle spindle do as they are being stretched?

A

send action potentials

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41
Q

what is muscle tone?

A

tonic activity

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42
Q

what happens when there is a stretch reflex?

A
  • input signal is sent to CNS

- output signal is sent to muscle - contraction occurs

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43
Q

what does the stretch reflex prevent?

A

overstretching

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44
Q

how do you change the signal for muscle length?

A

change frequency for signal

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45
Q

how do you get an output signal?

A

action potential though somatic motor neuron (alpha or gamma)

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46
Q

where does the sensory neuron travel to?

A

integrating center

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47
Q

what does alpha-gamma coactivation do?

A

keeps the spindle stretched when muscle contracts

-decreases in length

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48
Q

what is the Golgi tendon organ?

A

junction of muscle fibers and tendons

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49
Q

what does a junction of muscle fibers and tendons contain?

A

free nerve endings woven between collagen fibers

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50
Q

what does afferent input from the Golgi tendons do?

A

excites inhibitory interneurons

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51
Q

what do inhibitory interneurons do?

A

trigger a reflex to reduce/end muscle contractions

-stop signals from CNS going to skeletal muscle

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52
Q

where are joint receptors found?

A

in joint capsules and ligaments around joints

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53
Q

what do joint receptors respond to?

A

joint movement velocity
joint position
inflammation and pain

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54
Q

what are the three different types of movement?

A

reflex
voluntary
rhythmic

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55
Q

what is a reflex movement?

A
  • least complex
  • mainly in spinal cord
    ex: knee jerk, cough
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56
Q

what is a voluntary movement?

A
  • most complex
  • mainly in cerebral cortex
    ex: playing piano
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57
Q

what is a rhythmic movement?

A
  • intermediately complex
  • in spinal cord and cerebral cortex
    ex: walking
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58
Q

what is special about rhythmic movement?

A

they have no stimulus, sensor, or input signal

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59
Q

what do rhythmic movements have?

A

central pattern generations (CPGs)

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60
Q

what factors influence movement?

A

how complex the movement is

  • number of spinal cord segments needed
  • use of upper or lower motor neurons
  • section of CNS controlling movement
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61
Q

what are the different spinal cord segments?

A

segmental

intersegmental

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62
Q

what is the segmental part of the spinal cord?

A

reflex only passes through spinal portion of the spinal cord
ex: knee jerk

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63
Q

what is the intersegmental part of the spinal cord?

A

reflex passes through many segments of the spinal cord or brain
ex: most movement, voluntary, rhythmic

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64
Q

what is a lower motor neuron?

A

alpha motor neuron

-cell body in CNS and axon synapses on skeletal muscle fibers

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65
Q

what are upper motor neurons?

A

lie entirely within the CNS

  • control lower motor neurons
  • -if they are going to the brain
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66
Q

what is white matter?

A

myelinated axon

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67
Q

what is myelinated axon?

A

bundles of axons known as tracts

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68
Q

what is ascending tract?

A

carry sensory info to brain

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69
Q

what is a descending tract?

A

carry efferent signals from brain to spinal cord

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70
Q

what does simple motor control come from?

A

spinal cord

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71
Q

what are the two divisions of the ventral horns of the spinal cord?

A

medial

lateral

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72
Q

what does the medial tract do?

A

controls axial and proximal muscles

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73
Q

what does the medial tract include?

A

tectospinal tract
vestibular tract
reticulospinal tract

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74
Q

what is the tectospinal tract?

A

head orientation to environmental stimuli

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75
Q

what is the vestibular tract?

A

muscle control against gravity

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76
Q

what is the reticulospinal tract?

A

controls muscle tone in axial and proximal muscles

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77
Q

where do tectospinal tract, vestibular tract, and reticulospinal tract originate?

A

in mesencephalon, pons, and medulla

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78
Q

what does the lateral tract do?

A

controls distal muscles

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79
Q

what does the lateral tract include?

A

rubrospinal tract

80
Q

what does the rubrospinal tract do?

A

voluntary muscle control

implicated in control of skilled, repetitive movement

81
Q

where is the mesensephalon?

A

midbrain

82
Q

what does the corticospinal tract do?

A

controls the most skilled voluntary muscle movements

83
Q

what does the corticospinal tract connect?

A

it connects motor cortex in parietal lobe of the brain with lower motor neurons

84
Q

where does the corticospinal tract cross?

A

at pyrimdal decussation

85
Q

what are the five tracts that control movement?

A 
rubrospinal tract
corticospinal tract x 2 
tectospinal tract 
vestibular tract
reticulospinal tract
86
Q

what are the basics of smooth muscle anatomy?

A 
no striations 
uninucleated
small 
spindle shaped
no motor end plate
87
Q

what five things come with smooth muscle anatomy?

A
  1. more variety
  2. anatomy makes research difficult
  3. contrations controlled by hormones, paracrines, and NTs
  4. variable electric properties
  5. lots of pathways influence contraction and relaxation
88
Q

what are the two types of smooth muscle tissue?

A

single unit

multi unit

89
Q

what does single unit muscle tissue do?

A

forms walls of internal organs

90
Q

in single unit smooth muscle tissue, how are cells joined?

A

gap junctions

91
Q

what do single unit smooth muscle tissues contain?

A

internal pace makers

92
Q

do multi unit smooth muscle tissues have gap junctions?

A

no

93
Q

do multi unit smooth muscle tissues have internal pace makers?

A

no

94
Q

where are multi unit smooth muscle tissues found?

A

in iris and ciliary muscle
male repro tract
uterus

95
Q

why is the uterus special?

A

large muscle contractions

96
Q

what are the parts of the contractile element structure?

A

actin
myosin
sarcoplasmic reticulum

97
Q

what are the characteristics of actin for contractile element structure?

A

longer
high ratio A:M ratio
filaments are crosshatched

98
Q

what are the characteristics of myosin for contractile element structure?

A

longer

myosin light chain

99
Q

what is a myosin light chain?

A

regulatory protein chain in myosin head

100
Q

how are contractile element structure arranged?

A

diagonal bundles

-fibers become globular when contracted

101
Q

what are the characteristics of sarcoplasmic reticulum for contractile element structure?

A

less overall than skeletal
IP3 - receptor channel - no T-tubules
most Ca2+ comes from extracellular space

102
Q

what are the characteristics of dense bodies for contractile element structure?

A

the z-lines in smooth muscle

where actin attaches

103
Q

what are some characteristics of contractions for contractile element structure?

A

very slow contractions

104
Q

how long is the latent period for contractions for contractile element structure?

A

about 200 milliseconds

105
Q

what is tetanus?

A

muscles not relaxing

sustained contractions

106
Q

what is a twitch?

A

one muscle contraction

107
Q

what is depolarization caused by?

A

Ca2+ entry

108
Q

when are membrane potentials unstable?

A

slow wave

pacemaker

109
Q

how much do resting potentials vary?

A

-40 to -80mV

110
Q

what are slow wave potentials?

A

cyclic depolarization and repolarization

111
Q

what are pacemaker potentials?

A

cyclic but always reaches threshold and fire AP

112
Q

what is the definition of a contraction?

A

AP or GP or no change in membrane potential

113
Q

what controls E-C coupling?

A

calcium

114
Q

where does the calcium come from for E-C coupling of smooth muscle?

A

extracellular space

little from SR

115
Q

is there any troponin or tropomyosin function for E-C coupling for smooth muscle?

A

no

116
Q

what two enzymes for E-C coupling for smooth muscle rely on?

A

myosin light chain kinase

myosin light chain phosphatase

117
Q

what does myosin light chain kinase do?

A

attaches P to myosin to start contraction

118
Q

what does myosin light chain phosphatase do?

A

removes P from myosin to stop contraction and begin relaxation

119
Q

tension development is…

A

all or none

120
Q

what does tension development depend on?

A

amount of calcium influx

121
Q

in tension development, what happens when there is more calcium activity?

A

more light chain kinase

stronger contractions occur

122
Q

what are the four different types of activating stimuli for smooth muscle?

A

nervous
stretch
hormonal
internal pacemaker

123
Q

what is the nervous activating stimuli for smooth muscle like?

A

similar to skeletal

but no direct synapse

124
Q

what is the stretch activating stimuli for smooth muscle like?

A

mechanically gated Ca2+ channels

125
Q

what kind of contractions do stretch activating stimuli for smooth muscle have?

A

myogenic contraction

126
Q

what is the hormonal activating stimuli for smooth muscle like?

A

ligand gated Ca2+ channels

127
Q

what is the internal pacemaker activating stimuli for smooth muscle responsible for?

A

rhythmic contractions of GI tract

128
Q

what is the basic anatomy for cardiac muscle?

A 
striated with sarcomeres
unincleated 
branched
intercalated disc 
regulatory proteins 
intermediate contraction speed
129
Q

what are some differences that cardiac muscle has from skeletal muscle?

A
  • t-tubules are larger with more branches
  • SR is smaller
  • mitochondria is 1/3 total cell volume
  • nervous control comes from ANS and autorhythmic cells
130
Q

what is myocardium?

A

bulk of the heart

- the muscle

131
Q

what do autorhythmic cells do?

A

create signals for heart contractions

-pacemakers

132
Q

where does the vena cava get blood from?

A

the body

133
Q

where do pulmonary veins get blood from?

A

lungs

134
Q

what does the right ventricle do?

A

pumps blood to lungs

135
Q

what does the left ventricle do?

A

pumps blood to body and coronary arteries

136
Q

why is there fibrous contractive tissue between the atria and ventricles?

A

structural support

electrical insulation

137
Q

what is valve closure caused by?

A

blood back pressure

138
Q

what does chordae tendinae do?

A

works together with papillary muscles to prevent valve erosion

139
Q

what is a valvular heart murmur?

A

leaky/narrow valve

systolic and diastolic

140
Q

what is a nonvalvular heart murmur?

A

PDA

141
Q

what kind of tissue is cardiac muscle?

A

excitable

142
Q

what are the two types of cells in cardiac muscle?

A

myocardial contractile cells

myocardial autorhythmic cells

143
Q

how can you prevent tetanus in the heart?

A

AP longer in cardiac contractile cells

144
Q

why is it important to prevent tetanus in the heart?

A

needs to be beating constantly

-must fill ventricles with blood

145
Q

what can myocardial autorhythmic cells create?

A

their own AP

146
Q

in what two ways does the ANS control the heart?

A

sympathetic - increase HR

parasympathetic - decrease HR

147
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

increase HR

148
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

decrease HR

149
Q

what is the pathway for electrical conduction through the heart?

A
  1. SA node
  2. internodal
  3. AV node
  4. pathways of Bundle of His
  5. Bundle Branches
150
Q

how do ventricular myocardium contract?

A

from apex to base

151
Q

why is there a time delay at the AV node?

A

let atria finish contracting

152
Q

for cardiac EC coupling what do t-tubules have?

A

voltage gated Ca2+ channels

153
Q

for cardiac EC coupling what is RyR operated by?

A

Ca2+ binding

154
Q

what initiates cardiac EC coupling?

A

AP

- originated in pacemaker cells

155
Q

what is cardiac EC coupling similar to?

A

skeletal muscle EC coupling

156
Q

what does the electrocardiogram record?

A

electrical activity of the heart

-cardiac cycle

157
Q

what is the P wave?

A

atrial depolarization

158
Q

what is the QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarization

-atrial repolarization

159
Q

what is the T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization

160
Q

what does the cardiac cycle consist of?

A

systole

diastole

161
Q

what is systole?

A

contraction

162
Q

what is diastole?

A

relaxation

163
Q

what is the PR interval?

A

delay of AV node allowing for filling of ventricles

164
Q

what is the ST segment?

A

beginning of ventricle repolarization

165
Q

what is end systolic volume?

A

mL remaining in ventricles

-ventricles do not empty completely during systole

166
Q

what is end diastolic volume?

A

volume of ventricles after diastole is large

167
Q

what are arteries?

A

vessel that carries blood away from the heart

168
Q

what does an artery become?

A

arterioles

169
Q

what is a vein?

A

vessel that carries blood toward the heart

170
Q

what do venules become?

A

veins

171
Q

how much blood do veins carry?

A

50% of the blood in a body

172
Q

what are capillaries?

A

thin walled vessels that connect arterioles with venules

173
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

exchange nutrients and gases

174
Q

what are the 3 basic layers of a blood vessel?

A

inner tunica intima
middle tunica media
outer tunica externa

175
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue in blood vessels?

A

endothelium - inner
elastic connective tissue - inner
smooth muscle - middle
fibrous connective tissue - outer

176
Q

do all veins have valves?

A

no

177
Q

what do valves in veins do?

A

prevent backflow of blood

-force blood toward the heart

178
Q

where does blood flow?

A

down a pressure gradient

179
Q

what happens to pressure over distance?

A

it decreases

180
Q

what is flow rate?

A

volume of blood that passes a given point in the system per unit time (L/min)

181
Q

what is velocity of flow?

A

how fast the blood flows

182
Q

what is resistance?

A

tendency of the CV system to oppose blood flow

183
Q

when does resistance increase?

A

when there is an increase in length and velocity

184
Q

when does resistance decrease?

A

when there is an increase in radius

185
Q

where does pressure gradient begin?

A

in ventricles

186
Q

what is a pulse?

A

pressure wave felt as blood is pushed into the aorta

187
Q

what happens to pressure gradient as it goes through the circulatory system?

A

decrease

188
Q

when is pressure gradient the lowest?

A

point of ventricle filling

189
Q

what 3 factors influence blood pressure?

A

volume - increase volume, increase pressure
flow rate - increase flow rate, increase pressure
resistance - influenced by vessel radius

190
Q

what is blood flow rate influenced by?

A

blood velocity and CSA of vessels

191
Q

what happens if a vessel has a wider diameter?

A

faster the velocity

192
Q

how do arterioles provide resistance?

A

reducing vessel radius

193
Q

what are arterioles controlled by?

A

metabolites

paracrine

194
Q

what are metabolites?

A

O2, CO2

-cause dilatation

195
Q

what are paracrine?

A

NO, histamine, adenosine -cause dilatation

serotonin - cause constriction

196
Q

what does stretching of smooth muscle cause?

A

constriction

-remyogenic

Animal Physiology (260) (6 decks)

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