Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Physiology (260) > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different ions that are involved in membrane potential?

A

K+
Na+
Cl-
Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two different aspects of membrane potential?

A

concentration gradient

membrane permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a concentration gradient?

A

ions inside versus outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is membrane permeability?

A

K+ is the most permeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is influx?

A

ions into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is efflux?

A

ions out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the different ion channels?

A

mechanical
chemical
voltage-gated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a mechanical ion channel?

A

respond to pressure/stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a chemical ion channel?

A

respond to ligands

ex: neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a voltage-gated channel?

A

respond to changes in membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is repolarization?

A

return to the resting membrane potential
neuron = -70mV
-usually the 2nd half of action potential
-K+ enters cell
-K+ channel is slow to open
-Na+ channels close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why are membrane potentials always fluctuating?

A

due to the influx of Na+ and Cl- and the efflux of K+

only a few ions are needed to cause a change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is resting potential?

A

-70mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is polarization?

A

flow of electrical charge carried by an ion is called the ion current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the flow create?

A

polarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does polarization create?

A

an electrical signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the two types of signals?

A

graded potential

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are some characteristics of graded potential?

A

variable-strength signal

travel short distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is action potential?

A

very brief
large depolarization
travel far

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do you need to create action potential?

A

graded potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is graded potential?

A

change in membrane potential whose size is proportional to the stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where does graded potential occur?

A

dentrites

cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what might graded potential do?

A

trigger or inhibit action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is hyperpolarization?

A

becoming more negative than resting potential

  • last part of action potential
  • final K+ channel closes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is depolarization?

A

decreasing the membrane potential difference
generally = more positive mV
-usually at the start of an action potential
-Na+ channels are open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the four steps of graded potential?

A
  1. ion channels open
  2. membrane potential changes
  3. resistance/current causes current flow to decrease over distance
  4. may reach trigger zone if strong enough and cause action potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what two things does the strength of potential depend on?

A
  1. strength of initial stimulus

2. distance from stimulating point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where is the trigger zone?

A

at the axon hillocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

there are a lot of __________ at the trigger zone

A

Na+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what needs to happen for action potential to occur?

A

graded potential reaches zone and is above the threshold voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is another name for trigger point?

A

threshold potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

where does threshold potential happen?

A

near -55 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the two different types of graded potential additive effects?

A

spatial summation

temporal summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

graded potentials produce at the same time from different neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

graded potentials produced in the same neuron and close together in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what happens when action potential begins?

A

it proceeds through the entire length to the axon

all-or-none

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is excitability?

A

ability of a neuron to respond rapidly to a stimulus and fire an action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the four phases of action potential?

A

resting
rising
falling
hyperpolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is conduction?

A

movement of action potential through axon at high speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

how does axon diameter influence conduction speed?

A

larger is faster than smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how does myelination influence conduction speed?

A

presence of myelin allows salutatory conduction which increase action potential transfer speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is a synapse?

A

anatomical connection between neurons and their targets

-information transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are the three regions of a synapse?

A
  1. axon terminal on presynaptic cell
  2. synaptic cleft
  3. membrane on post synaptic cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are the different kinds of cells that a synapse can be?

A

neurons

non-neuronal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are the two different types of synapse?

A

electrical

chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is a electrical synapse?

A

electrical signal passes directly from cytoplasm of one cell to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what does an electrical synapse use to pass the electrical signal?

A

gap junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where does electrical synapse occur?

A

in neurons of CNS

-also cardiac and smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is a chemical synapse?

A

electrical signal of presynaptic cell converted to chemical signal and sent across synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what does an chemical synapse use to pass the electrical signal?

A

neurohormones

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what are the majority of synapses?

A

chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

where does action potential arrive?

A

axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what happens after action potential reaches the axon terminal?

A

voltage gated Ca2+ channel opens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what does Ca2+ trigger?

A

exocytosis of vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what happens after exocytosis of vesicles is triggered?

A

NT enter the synaptic cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what do the NT do after they enter the synaptic cleft?

A

bind to receptor on post synaptic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what happens after NT bind to receptor on post synaptic cell?

A

there is a cell response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what are the different types of chemicals used for NT?

A 
amines
purines
gases
peptides
lipids
AA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what are the different types of chemical signals?

A

paracrine

autocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

in the CNS how many different kinds of NT are there?

A

many different kinds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

in the PNS what are the different kinds of NT are there?

A

ACh
norepinephrine
epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what are the amino acid NT that excite?

A

glutamate

aspartate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what are the amino acid NT that inhibit?

A

glycine

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what are the amine NT?

A 
serotonin 
histamine
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what are the peptide NT?

A 
substance P
vasopressin
somatostatin
leu-enkephalin#
met-enkephalin#
beta-endorphin#
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what are the purines NT?

A

adenosine
ATP
AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what are the gases NT?

A

NO

CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what are the different methods that can be used to clear NT from that synapse?

A

removal from ECF
inactivation by enzymes
diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what are some example of removing NT from the ECF of a synapse?

A
  1. bring back to the presynaptic cell
    - norepinephrine
  2. adjacent neurons/glial cells
    - astrocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what are some example of inactivating NT by enzymes in a synapse?

A

ACh

AChE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what are two different ways to integrate neural info transfer?

A

divergence

convergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what is divergence?

A

one presynaptic neuron + many postsynaptic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is convergence?

A

many presynaptic neurons + one postsynaptic neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what are the division of the nervous system?

A

central

peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what are the two components of the CNS?

A

brain

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what are the types of the neurons in the PNS?

A

afferent

efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what does an afferent neuron do?

A

detect stimuli

-sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what does an efferent neuron do?

A

trigger responses

-motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what is the CNS surrounded by?

A

meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what are meninges?

A

layers of protective membranes that are specific to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

what is the structure of PNS?

A

composed of spinal and cranial nerves that carry action potentials toward (afferent) or away from (efferent) the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what is a nerve?

A

bundles of axons with CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

mass of PNS cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what is a preganglionic?

A

occurring before a ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what is a postganglionic?

A

occurring after a ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

what does a ganglion form into?

A

knots

swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

what does a ganglion create?

A

satellite cells form supportive capsule around the cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

what is a plexus?

A

groups of ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

what are the two different types of ganglia?

A

dorsal root

autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

what is the general layout of the PNS and the spinal cord?

A

afferent enters through dorsal root ganglion

efferent exits through ventral root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what is a root?

A

end of nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

what is a dorsal root ganglia?

A

swellings on root

-cell bodies of sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

what is a ventral root?

A

carries info from CNS to muscle/glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

what is gray matter?

A

unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

what does gray matter contain?

A

contains dorsal, lateral, and ventral horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

what is white matter?

A

myelinated axons

-bundles of axons known as tracts

97
Q

what is an ascending tract?

A

carry sensory info to brain

-dorsal, external lateral

98
Q

what is a descending tract?

A 
carry efferent (motor) signals from brain to spinal cord 
-ventral, interior lateral
99
Q

what are the subdivision of the PNS?

A

somatic

visceral

100
Q

what is somatic?

A

we are consciously aware of these and may have the ability to consciously control
-includes special senses

101
Q

what is visceral?

A

responsible for involuntary sensation and control

-associated with the ANS

102
Q

what does the brain determine for somatic and visceral?

A

modality
location of stimulus
intensity of stimulus

103
Q

what do all receptors use?

A

transduction

104
Q

what do all receptors require?

A

stimuli to reach a threshold

105
Q

what is transduction?

A

changes to an electrical signal

106
Q

what happens when you get used to a stimuli?

A

threshold changes

107
Q

where does the afferent somatic tract originate?

A

skin
certain viscera
-receptor activation triggers AP in sensory neuron

108
Q

what are the four somatosensory modalities?

A

touch
temperature
nociception
propriocecption

109
Q

what is touch?

A

most common receptor: corpuscles

110
Q

what is temperature?

A

cold and warm receptors

111
Q

what is nociception?

A

pain and itch
respond to noxious stimuli
cause tissue damage

112
Q

what is proprioception?

A

awareness of body position in space

113
Q

what are the special senses of the afferent tract?

A

olfactory
taste bud
retina
inner ear

114
Q

what are special senses?

A 
smell
taste
vision
hearing
equilibrium
115
Q

what is a chemoreceptor?

A

oxygen
pH
various organic molecules such as glucose

116
Q

what is a mechanoreceptor?

A 
pressure
cell stretch 
vibration
acceleration
sound
117
Q

what is a photoreceptor?

A

photons of light

118
Q

what is a thermoreceptor?

A

varying degrees of heat

119
Q

what is responsible for voluntary motor control?

A

skeletal muscle

120
Q

what are some examples of involuntary motor control?

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
exocrine muscle

121
Q

what is the efferent visceral also called?

A

autonomic nervous system

122
Q

what are the two different parts of the autonomic system?

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

123
Q

what is parasympathetic?

A

rest and digest
routine
day to day

124
Q

what is sympathetic?

A

fight or flight

stressful, threatening situation

125
Q

what is antagonistic control?

A

one action opposes the other

126
Q

what are some examples of tonic control?

A

sweat glands

blood vessels

127
Q

what are neurons connected by?

A

synapses

128
Q

what is the origin of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

thoracolumbar region of the spinal column

129
Q

what is the thoracolumbar region?

A
  • begins with 1st thoracic vertebra

- ends with 3rd/4th lubar vertebra

130
Q

where do ganglia lie for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

close to the spinal cord

131
Q

pre for sympathetic nervous system

A

short

132
Q

post for sympathetic nervous system

A

long

133
Q

what is the purpose of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

to regulate normal body function during periods of reduced stress

134
Q

what are some example of associated responses for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

increased exocrine gland secretions
GI smooth muscle contractions
decreased heart rate
increased gut & pancreas enzyme secretion

135
Q

what is the origin of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

craniosacral region

136
Q

what does the craniosacral region include?

A 
- cranial nerves: 
III - oculomotor
VII - facial
IX - glossopharyngeal 
X - vagus 75%
- nerves of the sacrum are included as well
137
Q

where do ganglia lie for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

close to the target tissue

138
Q

pre for parasympathetic nervous system

A

long

139
Q

post for parasympathetic nervous system

A

short

140
Q

what is DEF?

A

synapse between postganglion and target

141
Q

what does the axon end have?

A

varicosities

142
Q

what are varicosities filled with?

A

NT

143
Q

what are sympathetic preganglionic autonomic neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine

144
Q

what are parasympathetic preganglionic autonomic neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine

145
Q

what are sympathetic postganglionic autonomic neurotransmitters?

A

norepinephrine

epinephrine

146
Q

what are parasympathetic postganglionic autonomic neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine

147
Q

what are the two different pathways for PNS & SNS?

A

cholinergic

adrenergic

148
Q

what is cholinergic?

A

uses ACh
muscarinic - parasympathetic
nicotinic - preganglion only

149
Q

what is adrenergic?

A

norephinphrine or epinephrine

150
Q

what is alpha adrenergic?

A

the most common - norephinphrine

151
Q

how many different kinds of beta adrenergic are there?

A

three
B1
B2
B3

152
Q

what is beta 1 adrenergic?

A

heart
kidney
epinephrine = norepinephrine

153
Q

what is beta 2 adrenergic?

A

blood vessels
smooth muscle of organs
epinephrine

154
Q

what is beta 3 adrenergic?

A

adipose tissue

norepinephrine

155
Q

what is the adrenal medulla also known as?

A

modified ganglion

156
Q

what are chromaffin cells?

A

modified postganglion neuron

157
Q

what does the chromaffin cell do?

A

secretes epinephrine

158
Q

what is muscle?

A

excitable, contractile tissue

159
Q

what does muscle respond to?

A

electrical stimuli

160
Q

what does electrical stimuli begin?

A

muscle contraction

161
Q

what does it mean to be contractile?

A

shortens in response to an electrical stimulus

162
Q

what are the three different types of muscle?

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

163
Q

what % of the body is skeletal muscle?

A

40%

164
Q

what % of the body is smooth and cardiac muscle?

A

10%

165
Q

what are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

highly organized

fast contractions

166
Q

for skeletal muscle where does the source of Ca2+ come from?

A

intracellular

167
Q

what are the different fiber types for skeletal muscle?

A

Type 1
Type 2A
Type 2B

168
Q

what is type 1 skeletal muscle fiber?

A 
slow twitch (ST)
highly oxidative
169
Q

what does it mean to be oxidative?

A

high endurance

low power

170
Q

what is type 2A skeletal muscle fiber?

A 
fast twitch (FOG)
oxidative-glycolytic
171
Q

what does it mean to beoxidative-glycolytic?

A

moderate endurance

moderate power

172
Q

what is type 2B skeletal muscle fiber?

A 
fast twitch (FG)
glycolytic
173
Q

what does it mean to be glycolytic?

A

low endurance

high power

174
Q

what are the different colors of the skeletal muscle fibers?

A

type 1: lots of myoglobin - very dark red
type 2A: light red
type 2B: pale pink

175
Q

what is a different name for muscle cell?

A

muscle fiber

176
Q

what is an example of type 1 skeletal muscle fiber?

A

posture

low power endurance

177
Q

what is an example of type 2A skeletal muscle fiber?

A

jogging

movement

178
Q

what is an example of type 2B skeletal muscle fiber?

A

jumping

179
Q

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

unorganized contractile protein structure
slow contractions
hormonal influence

180
Q

for what organs and tubes does smooth muscle form walls for?

A

blood vessels
GI tract
repro tract
specialized organs

181
Q

for smooth muscle where does the source of Ca2+ come from?

A

extracellular

182
Q

what does smooth muscle also have?

A

gap junctions

183
Q

what doe gap junctions allow for?

A

for skeletal muscle where does the source of Ca2+ come from?

184
Q

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A 
similar to skeletal & smooth muscle
organized
intermediate contractions
epinephrine influence 
exclusive to the heart
185
Q

what are the shared features between cardiac and smooth muscle?

A

extracellular Ca2+ needed

cells connected by gap junctions

186
Q

where are gap junctions found?

A

intercalated discs

187
Q

what are some similarities with all the types of muscle?

A
  1. muscle contractions always begin through some form of excitation-contraction coupling
  2. Ca2+ plays a role in ALL muscle contraction
  3. actin & myosin are the primary contractile proteins
188
Q

what is fascicle?

A

bundle of adjacent muscle fibers

189
Q

what is myofibril?

A

intracellular bundles of contractile and elastic proteins

190
Q

what is sarcolemma?

A

cell membrane

191
Q

what is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

modified ER

releases Ca2+

192
Q

what are T-tubules?

A

allow action potential to move rapidly into fiber & release Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum

193
Q

what is epimysium?

A

connective tissue wrapped around skeletal muscle

194
Q

what is perimysium?

A

connective tissue around fascicle

195
Q

what is endomysium?

A

cell membrane/sarcolemma

196
Q

what are myofibrils?

A

contractile structures

197
Q

what are contractile proteins?

A

actin

myosin

198
Q

what are giant accessory proteins?

A

titin

nebulin

199
Q

what are regulatory proteins

A

tropomyosin

troponin

200
Q

what is actin?

A

smaller protein

forms thin filaments

201
Q

what are the two subtypes of actin?

A

g-actin

f-actin

202
Q

what is g-actin?

A

globular

203
Q

what is f-actin?

A

filament

204
Q

what is myosin?

A

very large protein

forms think filament

205
Q

what is tropomyosin?

A

wrapped around actin filament

blocks binding sites for myosin on the actin filaments

206
Q

what does troponin connect to?

A

connects tropomyosin to actin filaments

binds to start tropomyosin movement

207
Q

what is troponin responsible for?

A

moving tropomyosin during excitation-contraction coupling

208
Q

what is titin?

A

largest protein (25,000 AA)
stabilizes position of contractile filament
elastic

209
Q

what is nebulin?

A

inelastic
lies along actin
attaches to z-dish

210
Q

what does nebulin allow for?

A

allow proper alignment of filaments within sarcomere

211
Q

what is an origin?

A

end of muscle that attaches to more stationary bone

proximal

212
Q

what is an insertion?

A

muscle attached to more mobile, distal bone

213
Q

what is a tendon?

A

bone to muscle attachment

214
Q

what is a flexor?

A

muscle that brings bones closer together

215
Q

what is an extensor?

A

muscle that moves bones away from each other

216
Q

what are flexor-extensor pairs known as?

A

antagonistic muscle groups

ex: biceps brachii & triceps brachii

217
Q

where does the z-line move?

A

toward m-line

218
Q

where does actin move?

A

toward m-line

219
Q

what happens to i-band?

A

gets smaller

220
Q

what happens to h-zone

A

gets smaller

221
Q

what are contractions?

A

creation of tension in a muscles

222
Q

what does the active process of contractions require?

A

ATP

223
Q

what is relaxation?

A

release of tension created by contractions

224
Q

what is muscle tension?

A

force created by a contracting muscle

225
Q

what is a load?

A

weight/force that opposes contractions

226
Q

what are the three major steps in muscle contractions?

A
  1. events at neuromuscular junctions
  2. excitation - contraction coupling
  3. contraction - relaxation: sliding filament theory
227
Q

what is the sliding filament theory?

A

a band does not change length with contraction

  • myosin shortening does not occur
  • instead, actin & myosin slide past each other
228
Q

why can muscles create force without movement?

A

actin and myosin slide past each other

229
Q

what are some characteristics of somatic motor division?

A

always excitatory
cell bodies in ventral horn
no ganglion
branching of axon terminals (clusters)

230
Q

what are neuromuscular junction?

A

synapse of neuron on muscle fiber

231
Q

what is the autonomic system?

A

lateral

232
Q

what is the motor end plate?

A

ligand-gated Na+ channel

233
Q

what does a somatic motor neuron release?

A

ACh at neuromuscular junction

234
Q

what does the net entry of Na+ through ACh receptor channel initiate?

A

muscle AP

235
Q

what does muscle AP lead to?

A

excitation - contraction coupling

236
Q

what is excitation - contraction coupling?

A

muscle APs initiates Ca2+ signals that activates muscle contractions

237
Q

what is AP conduction?

A

similar to AP in axon but slower

238
Q

how is the release of Ca2+ from SR initiated?

A

AP moves down T-tubules

Animal Physiology (260) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions