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Animal Physiology (260) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is physiology?

A

the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts

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2
Q

what are the body systems that link to the outside of the body?

A

digestive system
respiratory system
reproductive system
urinary system

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3
Q

what are the body systems that send signals?

A

endocrine system

nervous system

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4
Q

what is the body system that is the highway of the body?

A

cardiovascular/circulatory system

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5
Q

what is the body system that deals with movement?

A

musculoskeletal system

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6
Q

what are the body systems that deal with protection?

A

immune system

integument/skin system

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7
Q

what does function stand for?

A

it asks that why?

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8
Q

what does process stand for?

A

its asks the how?

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9
Q

what are the four different themes of physiology?

A
  1. homeostasis and control
  2. biological energy use
  3. structure/function relationship
  4. communication/information flow
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10
Q

what does homeostasis mean?

A

maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
it depends on Mass balance
lots of fluid goes in –> lots of fluid goes out

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11
Q

what does biological energy use do?

A

processes needed fuel
energy comes from ATP
uses synthesis, breakdown, and transport

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12
Q

what does structure/function relationship do?

A

structure dictates function
molecular interaction
compartments

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13
Q

what does communication/information flow do?

A

system all work together
signals will be electrical or chemical
signals will be local or long distance

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14
Q

what is an example of an electrical signal?

A

neurons

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15
Q

what is an example of an chemical signal?

A

endocrines and nervous system

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16
Q

what is an example of molecule interaction?

A

enzymes signal molecules receptor proteins

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17
Q

what is the role of compartments?

A

membranes

play an important role in homeostasis

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18
Q

what are the two main types of fluids cavities?

A

intracellular fluid

extracellular fluid

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19
Q

what are two example of extracellular fluid?

A

plasma

interstitial fluid

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20
Q

what are the 3 major body cavities?

A

cranial
thoracic
abdominopelvic

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21
Q

what are some advantages of having different body compartments?

A
  • greater control over expression of genetic material
  • separation of self-destructive enzyme from remainder of cell
  • isolate proteins for export from internally used ones
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22
Q

what are some disadvantages of having different body compartments?

A

hard to communicate

lots of steps

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23
Q

who came up with a theory on cellular function?

A

Theodor Schwann in 1839

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24
Q

what was the theory that Theodor Schwann came up with?

A
  • all living things are made up of cells and their products

- new cells are created by old cells

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25
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

has no nucleus
have nucleoid
no internal cellular compartments

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26
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A 
has nucleus 
-has genetic material
-separated by a membrane
remainder of cell is cytoplasm 
-has internal cellular compartments
ex: yeast and higher organisms
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27
Q

what is cytosol?

A

intercellular fluid

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28
Q

what are some example of membranous organelles?

A 
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus 
lysosomes
peroxisomes
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29
Q

what are some examples of inclusions?

A

lipid droplets
glycogen granules
ribosomes

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30
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

maintain hereditary continuity of the organism

-direct cell function via control of protein synthesis

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31
Q

what is the exterior structure of the nucleus?

A

spherical shape

bounded by nuclear envelope

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32
Q

what is the nuclear envelope and what does it do?

A

double-walled membrane and pores

pores control the passage of mRNA out of nucleus

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33
Q

what is the inside structure of the nucleus?

A

chromatin
histones
enzymes
nucleolus

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34
Q

what is chromatin?

A

DNA + histones
euchromatin
heterochromatin

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35
Q

what is euchromatin?

A

active genes

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36
Q

what is heterochromatin?

A

inactive genes

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37
Q

what are histones?

A

proteins
most conserved animal protein
hold DNA in place and protect it

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38
Q

what are enzymes?

A

RNA and DNA synthesis

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39
Q

what does the nucleolus do?

A

carries out rRNA synthesis

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40
Q

how many nuclei are there in a cell?

A

not all eukaryotic cells have 1 nucleus

  • red blood cells have non when they are mature
  • muscle cells have many when they are mature
  • -> both are uninucleated during development
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41
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A 
a network of proteins that carry out the following functions for the cell:
shape and structure
movement
internal organization 
intracellular transport
cell connections
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42
Q

what are the three cytoplasmic protein fibers?

A

microfilaments
intermediate fibers
microtubules

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43
Q

what is a microfilament?

A

it is the smallest cytoplasmic protein fibers
actin is the most common protein
muscle contractions
form a filament right inside the cell membrane

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44
Q

what is a intermediate fiber?

A

most stable protein
myosin, keratin, neurofilament
provide cell shape and form
form cell junctions

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45
Q

what is a microtubule?

A

it is the largest cytoplasmic protein fibers
tubulin is the most common protein
intracellular transport
movement of cilia and flagella

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46
Q

what do microvilli do and what are they supported by?

A

increase cell surface area

supported by microfilaments

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47
Q

what does the centrosome do?

A

organizes tubulin into microtubules

it is the dark material close to the nucleus

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48
Q

what do centrioles do?

A

direct movement of DNA

within the centrosome

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49
Q

what do cilia do?

A

create current

9 + 2

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50
Q

what do flagella do?

A

similar to cilia except longer

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51
Q

what are cytoplasmic inclusions?

A

nutrients floating free in the cytosol

no membrane

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52
Q

what are glycogen granules?

A

concentrations of animal starch
carbohydrates for future energy
there are many in muscle cells

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53
Q

what are lipid droplets?

A

concentrations of fat

triglycerides or neutral fats

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54
Q

what is a adipocyte?

A

one large lipid droplet

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55
Q

what is the responsibility of a ribosome?

A

protein synthesis

translate mRNA into polypeptide chains

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56
Q

what are the two different types of ribosomes?

A

fixed

free

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57
Q

what is a fixed ribosome?

A

it is attached to the ER

produces proteins for export

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58
Q

what is a free ribosome?

A

free floating in the cytosol
produce protein for intracellular use
polyribosomes

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59
Q

what is a polyribosome?

A

chain link of 10-20 free floating

60
Q

what causes a bovine fatty liver?

A

lipid droplets

treatment: increase carbs

61
Q

what does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do?

A

network of interconnected membrane

continuation of nucleus membrane

62
Q

what are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

smooth

rough

63
Q

what does the smooth ER do?

A

lipid, steroid & glycolysis synthesis

Ca2++ storage in muscles

64
Q

what does the rough ER do?

A

ribosomes attach to the surface
-protein synthesis
protein accumulates in RER lumen

65
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do?

A

processes secretory proteins from RER

  • adds lipid and carbohydrate chains
  • packaged in secretory vesicles for exocytosis
  • –cisternae
66
Q

what is cisternae?

A

hollowed sacs in the golgi apparatus

67
Q

what do both lysosomes and peroxisomes do?

A

they are storage vesicles

contain digestive enzymes

68
Q

what do lysosomes do?

A

carry enzymes for cell component recycling
-only activated by a very low pH
important for autolysis and opuptosis

69
Q

what do perioxisomes do?

A

carry enzymes for lipid catalysis

70
Q

what is the anatomy of mitochondria?

A

inner and outer membranes, cristae, matrix

71
Q

what is the mitochondria responsible for?

A

ATP production

converts pyruvate to NADH & FADH2 in matrix

72
Q

what are the two unique aspects of the mitochondria?

A

DNA

replication

73
Q

what is the connection between mitochondria and neonatal ruminants?

A

brown adipose tissue
neonates have a lot
lots of metabolism/energy therefore lots of mitochondria
shortly after birth BAT changes into white adipocytes
less metabolism = less mitochondria

74
Q

what are the different functions of a membrane?

A

physical isolation
regulations of exchange with environment
communication between the cell and its environment
structural support

75
Q

what does physical isolation do?

A

separates ICF and ECF

76
Q

what does regulation of exchange with the environment do?

A

controls entries and exits

selectively permeable

77
Q

what does communication between the cell and its environment do?

A

proteins recognize and respond to molecules/changes

78
Q

what does structural support do?

A

proteins in membrane hold the cytoskeleton and create junctions

79
Q

who discovered the fluid mosaic model and what did it allow them to do?

A

Singer and Nicholson

allowed them to see the 3D arrangement of lipids and proteins

80
Q

what is the principle of spontaneous phospholipids aggregation?

A

when placed in an aqueous solution, phospholipids orient themselves so that the fatty acid tails are hidden

81
Q

what are the three different cell structures of spontaneous phospholipids aggregation?

A

micelles
liposomes
phospholipid bilayer

82
Q

what is a membrane structure composed of?

A

lipids
protein
carbs

83
Q

what are the three different types of lipids?

A

phospholipids
sphingolipids
cholesterol

84
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

glycerol
2 fatty acids
phosphate heads

85
Q

what is a sphingolipid?

A

head may be a glycolipid

86
Q

what is cholesterol?

A

hydrophobic

insert between heads

87
Q

what are the two categories of proteins in a membrane structure?

A

integral

peripheral

88
Q

what is an integral protein?

A

tightly bound
hard to remove
hydrophobic

89
Q

what are the two kinds of integral proteins and what do they do?

A

transmembrane - spans the membrane

lipid-anchored - bound to lipid tails, associated with sphingolipids

90
Q

what is an peripheral protein?

A

attached loosely to integral proteins or heads of lipids

91
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

attached to proteins or lipids

92
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

important in immune response

93
Q

what does and ABO blood group determined by?

A

sugars attached to sphingolipids

94
Q

where is the membrane structure found?

A

external of the cell

form protective layer called the glycocalyx

95
Q

what kind of energy does simple diffusion?

A

kinetic energy

96
Q

how long does simple diffusion last?

A

until equilibrium is achieved

97
Q

what type of molecules usually go through simple diffusion?

A

lipophilic

nonpolar

98
Q

what is protein mediated transport?

A

molecules that cannot use simple diffusion use membrane proteins

99
Q

how do membrane proteins function?

A

structurally - connect membrane to cytoskeleton, create cell junctions, attach cells to extracellular matrix
enzyme - catalyze chemical reactions on surface (ATPase)
receptors - part of chemical signaling system, ligand binding
transport - move molecules across membrane (channel and carrier proteins

100
Q

what is a ligand?

A

molecule binds to a protein (hormones)

101
Q

what is a channel protein?

A

water and ions

the flow of molecules are driven by concentration gradient

102
Q

what are the different types of channel proteins?

A

open/leak channels

gated channel

103
Q

what is an open/leak channel?

A

always open
typically charged inside
molecules of opposite charge can pass through

104
Q

what are the different types of gated channels?

A

voltage
ligand
mechanical

105
Q

what is a voltage gated channel?

A

open by electrical signal

106
Q

what is a ligand gated channel?

A

open when ligand binds

-molecule binds to a protein

107
Q

what is a mechanical gated channel?

A

physical change

108
Q

what does a carrier protein do?

A

protein binds molecules and carries them across membrane by changing conformation

109
Q

what is uniport?

A

move 1 kind of molecule

110
Q

what is cotransport?

A

moves 2-3 kinds of molecules

111
Q

what do symport carriers do?

A

move molecules same direction

112
Q

what do antiport carriers do?

A

move molecules in a different direction

113
Q

how does procaine and lidocaine work?

A 
they numb
local anesthetics 
-prevent pain 
no signal sent/received 
-voltage gated sodium channel is blocked
-inhibit conduction of nerve impulses = block pain
114
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A 
uses carrier proteins
moves down the concentration gradient 
no input of energy
stops at equilibrium 
ex: simple sugar, amino acids 
channel proteins
115
Q

what is primary active transport?

A

move molecules against their concentration gradient
must use outside energy
-changes confirmation of carrier proteins (ATPase)

116
Q

what is Na+/K+ ATPase pump?

A

most important transport protein in animal cells
3Na+ out
2K+ in

117
Q

what are the five steps Na+/K+ ATPase?

A
  1. 3Na+ bind to high affinity sites
  2. ATPase is phosphorylated
  3. 3Na+ released into ECF
  4. 2K+ bind to high affinity sites
  5. Pi released and 2K+ released into ICF
118
Q

what is a secondary active transport?

A

move molecules against their concentration gradient
must use outside energy
-use kinetic energy of 1 molecule moving down to push other molecules against its gradient
can be either symport or antiport
commonly driven by Na+

119
Q

how does secondary active transport work?

A
  1. Na+ bind to carrier
  2. Na+ binding creates affinity site for glucose
  3. Glucose binding changes confirmation
  4. Na+ released, followed by glucose
120
Q

what are the three properties of carrier-mediated transport?

A

specificity - ability of a carrier to carry only 1 molecule/closely related molecules
competition - substrates will compete for binding site
saturation - there is a maximum. all binding sites can be filled

121
Q

what is a competition inhibitor?

A

only blocks

not transported into cell

122
Q

what is vesicle transport?

A

use for transporting macromolecules

123
Q

what are the different types of vesicle transports?

A

exocytosis
phagocytosis
endocytosis

124
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

moving out of the cell
export large lipophobic cells
continuous - intestine mucus
intermittent hormone release

125
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

moving into the cell
engulfs particles into vesicles
then fuses with lysosome and particle is destroyed

126
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

moving into the cell
surface indents and small vesicles form
receptor - mediated
pinocytosis = cell “drinking”

127
Q

what is tissue?

A

a conglomeration of cells of a similar type that carry out a specific set of functions

128
Q

what is histology?

A

the study of tissues

129
Q

what are the four types of tissues?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

130
Q

what are the two components of tissue?

A

cells

extracellular matrix

131
Q

what are cells?

A

the ultimate source of tissue function

building blocks of life

132
Q

how are cells joined together to create tissue?

A

by junctions

133
Q

what is extracellular matrix?

A

synthesized and secreted by cells

provides support for cells

134
Q

what is the matrix composed of?

A

insoluble proteins

ex: collagen, fibrinogen, and laminin

135
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

glycoproteins

bound by polysaccharide chains

136
Q

what are cell junctions?

A

connect cells via proteins

137
Q

what are the three types of cell junctions?

A

gap junction
tight junction
anchor junction

138
Q

what is a gap junction?

A 
allow direct cell to cell communication 
- chemical and electrical 
tubes that connect cytoplasma
where: everywhere
protein: connexin
139
Q

what is a tight junction?

A

occluding - block passage ways

where: GI tract, kidney, blood, brain
protein: claudins and occludins

140
Q

what is an anchoring junction?

A

hold cells together
acts like a zipper
where: everywhere
protein: cell adhesion molecule

141
Q

what do epithelial cells do?

A

protect internal environment
creates barriers, secretions, and cavity linings
regulates exchange of material

142
Q

what is basal lamina?

A

matrix between epithelial and underlying tissue

143
Q

what is the structures of an epithelial cell?

A
  • simple: one layer of cells

- stratified: 2+ layers of cells

144
Q

what are different shapes of an epithelial cell?

A
  • cuboidal: cube (glands)
  • columnar: tall, cylindrical
  • squamous: flat (skin)
145
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

extensive matrix that provides structural support and forms a physical barrier
-aka. ground substance

146
Q

what are the three types of cells for connective tissue?

A

blast: secreting matrix
cyte: doing nothing in matrix
clast: destroys matrix

147
Q

what are the different prefixes that determine the type of connective tissue?

A

fibro: loose & dense CT
chonro: cartilage
adipo: fat
osteo: bone
hemo: blood

Animal Physiology (260) (6 decks)

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