Exam 1 Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
what is physiology?
A
the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts
2
Q
what are the body systems that link to the outside of the body?
A
digestive system
respiratory system
reproductive system
urinary system
3
Q
what are the body systems that send signals?
A
endocrine system
nervous system
4
Q
what is the body system that is the highway of the body?
A
cardiovascular/circulatory system
5
Q
what is the body system that deals with movement?
A
musculoskeletal system
6
Q
what are the body systems that deal with protection?
A
immune system
integument/skin system
7
Q
what does function stand for?
A
it asks that why?
8
Q
what does process stand for?
A
its asks the how?
9
Q
what are the four different themes of physiology?
A
- homeostasis and control
- biological energy use
- structure/function relationship
- communication/information flow
10
Q
what does homeostasis mean?
A
maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
it depends on Mass balance
lots of fluid goes in –> lots of fluid goes out
11
Q
what does biological energy use do?
A
processes needed fuel
energy comes from ATP
uses synthesis, breakdown, and transport
12
Q
what does structure/function relationship do?
A
structure dictates function
molecular interaction
compartments
13
Q
what does communication/information flow do?
A
system all work together
signals will be electrical or chemical
signals will be local or long distance
14
Q
what is an example of an electrical signal?
A
neurons
15
Q
what is an example of an chemical signal?
A
endocrines and nervous system
16
Q
what is an example of molecule interaction?
A
enzymes signal molecules receptor proteins
17
Q
what is the role of compartments?
A
membranes
play an important role in homeostasis
18
Q
what are the two main types of fluids cavities?
A
intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
19
Q
what are two example of extracellular fluid?
A
plasma
interstitial fluid
20
Q
what are the 3 major body cavities?
A
cranial
thoracic
abdominopelvic
21
Q
what are some advantages of having different body compartments?
A
- greater control over expression of genetic material
- separation of self-destructive enzyme from remainder of cell
- isolate proteins for export from internally used ones
22
Q
what are some disadvantages of having different body compartments?
A
hard to communicate
lots of steps
23
Q
who came up with a theory on cellular function?
A
Theodor Schwann in 1839
24
Q
what was the theory that Theodor Schwann came up with?
A
- all living things are made up of cells and their products
- new cells are created by old cells
25
what is a prokaryotic cell?
has no nucleus
have nucleoid
no internal cellular compartments
26
what is a eukaryotic cell?
```
has nucleus
-has genetic material
-separated by a membrane
remainder of cell is cytoplasm
-has internal cellular compartments
ex: yeast and higher organisms
```
27
what is cytosol?
intercellular fluid
28
what are some example of membranous organelles?
```
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
peroxisomes
```
29
what are some examples of inclusions?
lipid droplets
glycogen granules
ribosomes
30
what is the function of the nucleus?
maintain hereditary continuity of the organism
| -direct cell function via control of protein synthesis
31
what is the exterior structure of the nucleus?
spherical shape
| bounded by nuclear envelope
32
what is the nuclear envelope and what does it do?
double-walled membrane and pores
| pores control the passage of mRNA out of nucleus
33
what is the inside structure of the nucleus?
chromatin
histones
enzymes
nucleolus
34
what is chromatin?
DNA + histones
euchromatin
heterochromatin
35
what is euchromatin?
active genes
36
what is heterochromatin?
inactive genes
37
what are histones?
proteins
most conserved animal protein
hold DNA in place and protect it
38
what are enzymes?
RNA and DNA synthesis
39
what does the nucleolus do?
carries out rRNA synthesis
40
how many nuclei are there in a cell?
not all eukaryotic cells have 1 nucleus
- red blood cells have non when they are mature
- muscle cells have many when they are mature
- -> both are uninucleated during development
41
what is the cytoskeleton?
```
a network of proteins that carry out the following functions for the cell:
shape and structure
movement
internal organization
intracellular transport
cell connections
```
42
what are the three cytoplasmic protein fibers?
microfilaments
intermediate fibers
microtubules
43
what is a microfilament?
it is the smallest cytoplasmic protein fibers
actin is the most common protein
muscle contractions
form a filament right inside the cell membrane
44
what is a intermediate fiber?
most stable protein
myosin, keratin, neurofilament
provide cell shape and form
form cell junctions
45
what is a microtubule?
it is the largest cytoplasmic protein fibers
tubulin is the most common protein
intracellular transport
movement of cilia and flagella
46
what do microvilli do and what are they supported by?
increase cell surface area
| supported by microfilaments
47
what does the centrosome do?
organizes tubulin into microtubules
| it is the dark material close to the nucleus
48
what do centrioles do?
direct movement of DNA
| within the centrosome
49
what do cilia do?
create current
| 9 + 2
50
what do flagella do?
similar to cilia except longer
51
what are cytoplasmic inclusions?
nutrients floating free in the cytosol
| no membrane
52
what are glycogen granules?
concentrations of animal starch
carbohydrates for future energy
there are many in muscle cells
53
what are lipid droplets?
concentrations of fat
| triglycerides or neutral fats
54
what is a adipocyte?
one large lipid droplet
55
what is the responsibility of a ribosome?
protein synthesis
| translate mRNA into polypeptide chains
56
what are the two different types of ribosomes?
fixed
| free
57
what is a fixed ribosome?
it is attached to the ER
| produces proteins for export
58
what is a free ribosome?
free floating in the cytosol
produce protein for intracellular use
polyribosomes
59
what is a polyribosome?
chain link of 10-20 free floating
60
what causes a bovine fatty liver?
lipid droplets
| treatment: increase carbs
61
what does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do?
network of interconnected membrane
| continuation of nucleus membrane
62
what are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
smooth
| rough
63
what does the smooth ER do?
lipid, steroid & glycolysis synthesis
| Ca2++ storage in muscles
64
what does the rough ER do?
ribosomes attach to the surface
-protein synthesis
protein accumulates in RER lumen
65
what does the golgi apparatus do?
processes secretory proteins from RER
- adds lipid and carbohydrate chains
- packaged in secretory vesicles for exocytosis
- --cisternae
66
what is cisternae?
hollowed sacs in the golgi apparatus
67
what do both lysosomes and peroxisomes do?
they are storage vesicles
| contain digestive enzymes
68
what do lysosomes do?
carry enzymes for cell component recycling
-only activated by a very low pH
important for autolysis and opuptosis
69
what do perioxisomes do?
carry enzymes for lipid catalysis
70
what is the anatomy of mitochondria?
inner and outer membranes, cristae, matrix
71
what is the mitochondria responsible for?
ATP production
| converts pyruvate to NADH & FADH2 in matrix
72
what are the two unique aspects of the mitochondria?
DNA
| replication
73
what is the connection between mitochondria and neonatal ruminants?
brown adipose tissue
neonates have a lot
lots of metabolism/energy therefore lots of mitochondria
shortly after birth BAT changes into white adipocytes
less metabolism = less mitochondria
74
what are the different functions of a membrane?
physical isolation
regulations of exchange with environment
communication between the cell and its environment
structural support
75
what does physical isolation do?
separates ICF and ECF
76
what does regulation of exchange with the environment do?
controls entries and exits
| selectively permeable
77
what does communication between the cell and its environment do?
proteins recognize and respond to molecules/changes
78
what does structural support do?
proteins in membrane hold the cytoskeleton and create junctions
79
who discovered the fluid mosaic model and what did it allow them to do?
Singer and Nicholson
| allowed them to see the 3D arrangement of lipids and proteins
80
what is the principle of spontaneous phospholipids aggregation?
when placed in an aqueous solution, phospholipids orient themselves so that the fatty acid tails are hidden
81
what are the three different cell structures of spontaneous phospholipids aggregation?
micelles
liposomes
phospholipid bilayer
82
what is a membrane structure composed of?
lipids
protein
carbs
83
what are the three different types of lipids?
phospholipids
sphingolipids
cholesterol
84
what is a phospholipid?
glycerol
2 fatty acids
phosphate heads
85
what is a sphingolipid?
head may be a glycolipid
86
what is cholesterol?
hydrophobic
| insert between heads
87
what are the two categories of proteins in a membrane structure?
integral
| peripheral
88
what is an integral protein?
tightly bound
hard to remove
hydrophobic
89
what are the two kinds of integral proteins and what do they do?
transmembrane - spans the membrane
| lipid-anchored - bound to lipid tails, associated with sphingolipids
90
what is an peripheral protein?
attached loosely to integral proteins or heads of lipids
91
what are carbohydrates?
attached to proteins or lipids
92
what are glycoproteins?
important in immune response
93
what does and ABO blood group determined by?
sugars attached to sphingolipids
94
where is the membrane structure found?
external of the cell
| form protective layer called the glycocalyx
95
what kind of energy does simple diffusion?
kinetic energy
96
how long does simple diffusion last?
until equilibrium is achieved
97
what type of molecules usually go through simple diffusion?
lipophilic
| nonpolar
98
what is protein mediated transport?
molecules that cannot use simple diffusion use membrane proteins
99
how do membrane proteins function?
structurally - connect membrane to cytoskeleton, create cell junctions, attach cells to extracellular matrix
enzyme - catalyze chemical reactions on surface (ATPase)
receptors - part of chemical signaling system, ligand binding
transport - move molecules across membrane (channel and carrier proteins
100
what is a ligand?
molecule binds to a protein (hormones)
101
what is a channel protein?
water and ions
| the flow of molecules are driven by concentration gradient
102
what are the different types of channel proteins?
open/leak channels
| gated channel
103
what is an open/leak channel?
always open
typically charged inside
molecules of opposite charge can pass through
104
what are the different types of gated channels?
voltage
ligand
mechanical
105
what is a voltage gated channel?
open by electrical signal
106
what is a ligand gated channel?
open when ligand binds
| -molecule binds to a protein
107
what is a mechanical gated channel?
physical change
108
what does a carrier protein do?
protein binds molecules and carries them across membrane by changing conformation
109
what is uniport?
move 1 kind of molecule
110
what is cotransport?
moves 2-3 kinds of molecules
111
what do symport carriers do?
move molecules same direction
112
what do antiport carriers do?
move molecules in a different direction
113
how does procaine and lidocaine work?
```
they numb
local anesthetics
-prevent pain
no signal sent/received
-voltage gated sodium channel is blocked
-inhibit conduction of nerve impulses = block pain
```
114
what is facilitated diffusion?
```
uses carrier proteins
moves down the concentration gradient
no input of energy
stops at equilibrium
ex: simple sugar, amino acids
channel proteins
```
115
what is primary active transport?
move molecules against their concentration gradient
must use outside energy
-changes confirmation of carrier proteins (ATPase)
116
what is Na+/K+ ATPase pump?
most important transport protein in animal cells
3Na+ out
2K+ in
117
what are the five steps Na+/K+ ATPase?
1. 3Na+ bind to high affinity sites
2. ATPase is phosphorylated
3. 3Na+ released into ECF
4. 2K+ bind to high affinity sites
5. Pi released and 2K+ released into ICF
118
what is a secondary active transport?
move molecules against their concentration gradient
must use outside energy
-use kinetic energy of 1 molecule moving down to push other molecules against its gradient
can be either symport or antiport
commonly driven by Na+
119
how does secondary active transport work?
1. Na+ bind to carrier
2. Na+ binding creates affinity site for glucose
3. Glucose binding changes confirmation
4. Na+ released, followed by glucose
120
what are the three properties of carrier-mediated transport?
specificity - ability of a carrier to carry only 1 molecule/closely related molecules
competition - substrates will compete for binding site
saturation - there is a maximum. all binding sites can be filled
121
what is a competition inhibitor?
only blocks
| not transported into cell
122
what is vesicle transport?
use for transporting macromolecules
123
what are the different types of vesicle transports?
exocytosis
phagocytosis
endocytosis
124
what is exocytosis?
moving out of the cell
export large lipophobic cells
continuous - intestine mucus
intermittent hormone release
125
what is phagocytosis?
moving into the cell
engulfs particles into vesicles
then fuses with lysosome and particle is destroyed
126
what is endocytosis?
moving into the cell
surface indents and small vesicles form
receptor - mediated
pinocytosis = cell "drinking"
127
what is tissue?
a conglomeration of cells of a similar type that carry out a specific set of functions
128
what is histology?
the study of tissues
129
what are the four types of tissues?
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
130
what are the two components of tissue?
cells
| extracellular matrix
131
what are cells?
the ultimate source of tissue function
| building blocks of life
132
how are cells joined together to create tissue?
by junctions
133
what is extracellular matrix?
synthesized and secreted by cells
| provides support for cells
134
what is the matrix composed of?
insoluble proteins
| ex: collagen, fibrinogen, and laminin
135
what are proteoglycans?
glycoproteins
| bound by polysaccharide chains
136
what are cell junctions?
connect cells via proteins
137
what are the three types of cell junctions?
gap junction
tight junction
anchor junction
138
what is a gap junction?
```
allow direct cell to cell communication
- chemical and electrical
tubes that connect cytoplasma
where: everywhere
protein: connexin
```
139
what is a tight junction?
occluding - block passage ways
where: GI tract, kidney, blood, brain
protein: claudins and occludins
140
what is an anchoring junction?
hold cells together
acts like a zipper
where: everywhere
protein: cell adhesion molecule
141
what do epithelial cells do?
protect internal environment
creates barriers, secretions, and cavity linings
regulates exchange of material
142
what is basal lamina?
matrix between epithelial and underlying tissue
143
what is the structures of an epithelial cell?
- simple: one layer of cells
| - stratified: 2+ layers of cells
144
what are different shapes of an epithelial cell?
- cuboidal: cube (glands)
- columnar: tall, cylindrical
- squamous: flat (skin)
145
what is connective tissue?
extensive matrix that provides structural support and forms a physical barrier
-aka. ground substance
146
what are the three types of cells for connective tissue?
blast: secreting matrix
cyte: doing nothing in matrix
clast: destroys matrix
147
what are the different prefixes that determine the type of connective tissue?
fibro: loose & dense CT
chonro: cartilage
adipo: fat
osteo: bone
hemo: blood
