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Animal Physiology (260) > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are percentage solutions?

A 
percentage = parts per 100 
percent = (wt. of solute/wt. of solution) x 100
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2
Q

what is in one mole?

A

6.02 x 10^23 molecules of a particular substance

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3
Q

what is one molar?

A

one mole of a substance dissolved in 1 liter of solution

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4
Q

what is molecular weight used for?

A

calculating molarity

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5
Q

molarity =

A

mol/liter

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6
Q

how do you get to milli molarity?

A

multiple by 1000

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7
Q

what is an acid?

A

substance that dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+)

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8
Q

what is an base?

A

substance that dissociates into hydroxyl ions (OH-)

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9
Q

pH =

A

-log[H+]

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10
Q

[H+] =

A

10-^pH

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11
Q

what is a buffer?

A

substance that prevents a drastic pH change when acids or bases are added to a solution

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12
Q

why do we want weak acids to form?

A

buffers

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13
Q

what are the three major buffers in the body?

A

proteins
phosphates
bicarbonates

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14
Q

which is the most important blood buffer?

A

bicarbonates

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15
Q

what is the less abundant buffer?

A

phosphate

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16
Q

what is the more abundant buffer?

A

proteins

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17
Q

what two systems help regulate the bicarbonate system?

A

renal

respiratory

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18
Q

what is a bar graph?

A

used when the independent variables are distinct entities

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19
Q

what is a histogram?

A

used to quantify the distribution of one variable over a range of values

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20
Q

what is a line graph?

A

used when the independent variable is a continuous phenomenon

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21
Q

what is a scatter plot?

A

used to show the relationship between two variables

-best fit line

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22
Q

what do cell membranes serve as?

A

barriers to the movement of substances into and out of cells

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23
Q

why is the transportation of molecules and ions across cell membranes important?

A

homeostasis

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24
Q

what are membranes mainly constructed of?

A

phospholipids

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25
Q

what are pores?

A

holes in the cell membrane

-channel proteins

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26
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the random movement of molecules due to their internal kinetic energy

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27
Q

what is net diffusion?

A

particle results when there is a difference in concentration between two regions of a system

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28
Q

what is a concentration gradient?

A

particles will diffuse from the region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
-will continue until it reaches equilibrium

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29
Q

what is equilibrium?

A

when the concentration of the molecules is equal throughout the volume of the solution

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30
Q

what is Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

A

describes the rate at which net diffusion occurs

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31
Q

what is osmosis?

A

the movement of water across a membrane in response to a solute concentration gradient

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32
Q

when does osmosis occur?

A

whenever a higher concentration of solute is separated from a lower concentration of solute by a membrane
-difficult for solute to cross the membrane

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33
Q

what happens if the solute can not cross the membrane?

A

the water moves across the membrane

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34
Q

what is osmotic pressure?

A

the force of water movement across the membrane

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35
Q

what does osmotic pressure depend on?

A

the number of particles in the solution

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36
Q

what is osmolality?

A

of particles/L solution

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37
Q

what is osmol/L?

A

M x #P/molecule

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38
Q

what is tonicity?

A

property of a solution in reference to a particular membrane

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39
Q

what is the normal osmotic pressure of most cells?

A

300 mOsM

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40
Q

what is isotonic?

A

any solution that contains an equal number of osmotically active particles as that produced by the cellular constituents
around 300

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41
Q

what is hypertonic?

A

a solution that exerts a greater osmotic pressure than the cell contents
above 300
shirks

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42
Q

what is hypotonic?

A

a solution that exerts a lower osmotic pressure than the cell contents
below 300
swell

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43
Q

back

A

dorsal

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44
Q

stomach

A

ventral

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45
Q

towards head

A

cranial

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46
Q

towards tail

A

caudal

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47
Q

towards nose

A

rostral

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48
Q

front leg

A

palmar

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49
Q

back leg

A

plantar

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50
Q

towards middle

A

medial

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51
Q

towards outside

A

lateral

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52
Q

towards sky

A

proximal

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53
Q

towards ground

A

distal

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54
Q

towards skin

A

superficial

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55
Q

more in muscle

A

deep

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56
Q

what are the three different body cavities?

A

cranial
thoracic
abdominal - pelvic

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57
Q

outer ear

A

pinnae

58
Q

vibrissae

A

wiskers

59
Q

nose

A

nares

60
Q

teeth

A

incisors

61
Q

what organ does a rat not have?

A

gal bladder

62
Q

what colors are veins and where do they go?

A

veins are blue

carry blood toward heart

63
Q

what colors are arteries and where do they go?

A

arteries are red

carry blood away from the heart

64
Q

what are the three main sections to the brain?

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

65
Q

what are fissures?

A

major grooves and folds in the brain

66
Q

what is the longitudinal fissure?

A

separates left and right

67
Q

what is the transverse fissure?

A

on the side of the brain

68
Q

what is the lateral fissure?

A

where the cerebellum starts

69
Q

what are the ridges on the brain called?

A

gyri

70
Q

what are the small grooves and folds on the brain called?

A

sulci

-central sulcus

71
Q

what do sulci do?

A

separate the different lobes of the brain

72
Q

what does the pituitary gland do?

A

controls many hormonal signals throughout the body

73
Q

what does the pineal gland do?

A

regulates ovarian activity

produces melatonin

74
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

75
Q

what are the four different parts of the brain stem?

A

diencephalon
mesencephalon
pons
medulla oblongata

76
Q

what are the two parts of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

77
Q

how many ventricles are there?

A

4

78
Q

what is the 1st and 2nd ventricle?

A

corpus collasum

79
Q

what is the 3rd ventricle?

A

thalamus & corpus collasum

80
Q

what is the 4th ventricle?

A

brainstem

81
Q

is there more gray or white in the spinal cord?

A

more white

82
Q

is there more gray or white in the frontal lobe?

A

more gray

83
Q

what does the white matter in the brain do?

A

sends information

intragrating center

84
Q

what does the gray matter in the brain do?

A

receives information

processes information

85
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

fine muscle movement

-leafy like appearance

86
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

sifts out useless data

-major relay center

87
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A 
controls most autonomic output 
endocrine control
controls drives (rage, thirst, appetite)
88
Q

what does the mesencephalon do?

A

controls eye movement

relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes

89
Q

what does the pons do?

A

coordination of breathing

relay between cerebrum and cerebellum

90
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do?

A

control of involuntary functions

swallowing, breathing, vomiting

91
Q

what does the corpus callosum do?

A

connects the left and the right side of the brain

92
Q

what do the ventricles do?

A

produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

  • creates chemical and physical protection
  • reabsorbed through the arachnoid villi
93
Q

what does the optic chiasma do?

A

points where the right and left optic nerves

-white Y shape

94
Q

what does the olfactory bulbs do?

A

early processing of olfactory input

95
Q

what does the frontal lobe do?

A

fine muscle movement
social behaviors
gustatory cortex

96
Q

what does the parietal lobe do?

A

somatic sensory cortex

touch, skin pressure, temperature

97
Q

what does the occipital lobe do?

A

controls sight

98
Q

what does the temporal lobe do?

A

controls hearing

99
Q

what do the relative weights of the various brain regions tell us about the function of the brain?

A

increase in weight, increase in information process and storage

100
Q

why is the cerebral cortex folded to such a great extent?

A

to have more surface area and be able to process more information

101
Q

what are some examples of a short bone?

A

carpal

tarsal

102
Q

what are some examples of a flat bone?

A 
skull
ribs
pelvis 
sternum
scapula
103
Q

what are some examples of a sesamoid bone?

A

patella
proximal
distal
sesamoid bone

104
Q

what are some examples of a irregular bone?

A

vertebra

facial bones

105
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

long shaft

-medullary cavity is in the diaphysis

106
Q

what is the epiphysis?

A

end of the bone

107
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate?

A

growth plate

108
Q

what is the metaphysis?

A

joining point

109
Q

what is the apophysis?

A

bumps on the bone

110
Q

what is articular cartilage?

A

smooth layer

-surface

111
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

on the outside of the bone along the diaphysis around the medullary cavity

112
Q

what is the endosteum?

A

inside of the bone around the medullary cavity

113
Q

what is the medullary cavity?

A

marrow cavity

-within diaphysis

114
Q

what is the compact bone?

A

outer layer around the bone
hard
white

115
Q

what is the cortex?

A

compact bone around the medullary cavity

116
Q

what is the cancellous bone?

A

red marrow

located in the epiphysis

117
Q

cow vertebrae

A

C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd18-20

118
Q

what are the steps of longitudinal bone growth?

A
  1. originally cartilage
  2. osteoblast replace cartilage with osteoid
  3. plate pushes metaphysis and diaphysis apart
  4. estrogen and testosterone speed up growth
119
Q

what do ossification centers do?

A

add calcium

120
Q

what is the hormone that speeds up growth?

A

IGF-1

121
Q

what are the steps of diametrical bone growth?

A

increases the circumference

continues to grow throughout the whole life

122
Q

what are the two germinal layers required for longitudinal bone growth?

A

periosteum

endosteum

123
Q

what is a joint?

A

union of junction between two or more bones of the skeleton

124
Q

what are fibrous or immovable joints?

A

little to no movement

skull, pelvis

125
Q

what are cartilaginous or slightly movable joints?

A

united by cartilage
minimally moveable
spinal column, ribs

126
Q

what are synovial or freely moveable joints?

A

united by a joint capsule
can move freely
carpal, limbs

127
Q

what bone structure is responsible for longitudinal bone growth?

A

epiphyseal plate

128
Q

what cell types do periosteum and endosteum contain, and what are their differences?

A

osteoclast: break down
osteoblast: create

129
Q

what are some characteristics of cancellous bone?

A

sponge like
found at end of medullary cavity
referred to as red marrow
the site of white and red blood cell production

130
Q

what is yellow marrow composed of?

A

fat

adipose tissue

131
Q

what type of marrow is for younger animals?

A

more red

132
Q

what type of marrow is for older animals?

A

more yellow

133
Q

what does the skeletal muscle have?

A

millions of specialized cells

134
Q

what does a motor unit consist of?

A

one motor neuron

all the muscle fibers it innervates

135
Q

what happens when the motor neuron stimulates the cells?

A

they will contract simultaneously

136
Q

what controls the stimulation of motor units?

A

central nervous system

137
Q

what are the requirements for a motor neuron?

A
  • depends on force needed
  • if greater force is needed more motor units will be activated, and threshold will determine when neurons are stimulated
138
Q

what is asynchronous firing?

A

muscle AP length vs. muscle contraction length
if frequency of motor neurons AP increases…
-smooth contractions can occur
-tetanus can occur
-prevents fatigue

139
Q

what is electromyography?

A

placing electrodes on the skin at either end of a muscle and monitor action potential activity within the muscle

140
Q

what is a dynamometer?

A

measures force of grip/squeeze

141
Q

what is the flexor carpi radial muscle?

A

located in forearm
flexes fingers
important for grip force

Animal Physiology (260) (6 decks)

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