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4.2 Blood Transfusion Science > Lab Exam > Flashcards

Lab Exam Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is performed if the auto control is positive?

A

DAT

DAT stands for Direct Antiglobulin Test.

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3
Q

What types of monospecific antibodies are mentioned?

A
  • anti-lgG
  • anti-lgM
  • anti-lgA
  • anti-C3d
  • anti-C3c

These antibodies are used in the context of transfusion and immunology.

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4
Q

What are the two types of adsorptions used to remove autoantibodies?

A
  • Autoadsorptions: ZZAP-treated own cells
  • Alloadsorptions: paired reagent cells

Alloadsorptions are done in IBTS (Irish Blood Transfusion Service).

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5
Q

What may elutions be used to ascertain?

A

Specificity of antibody coating red cells

Elutions are used in the context of transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease.

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6
Q

What can nuisance antibodies be inhibited or neutralised to reveal?

A

Underlying alloantibodies

Nuisance antibodies may interfere with the detection of clinically significant antibodies.

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7
Q

What do Chido-Rogers antibodies target?

A

C4 complement proteins

These antibodies can be neutralised by adding excess complement (AB serum).

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8
Q

What do Knops-McCoy antibodies target?

A

CR1 molecule on red cells

These antibodies can be neutralised by the addition of recombinant KNIR reagent.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The addition of excess complement can neutralise _______.

A

Chido-Rogers antibodies

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10
Q

True or False: Elutions are only used in transfusion reactions.

A

False

Elutions are also used in the context of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.

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11
Q

What is autoadsorption in the context of autoantibodies?

A

A method using ZZAP-treated own cells to remove autoantibodies

Autoadsorption is a technique employed in immunohematology to isolate and identify specific antibodies present in a patient’s serum.

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12
Q

What is alloadsorption?

A

A method using paired reagent cells to remove autoantibodies

Alloadsorption is done in institutions like the IBTS to help identify and characterize antibodies.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of elutions in transfusion medicine?

A

To ascertain the specificity of antibody coating red cells

Elutions help in identifying the specific antibodies that may be present on the surface of red blood cells.

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14
Q

What are nuisance antibodies?

A

Antibodies that can be inhibited or neutralised to reveal underlying alloantibodies

Nuisance antibodies may complicate serological testing and their neutralization can provide clearer results.

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15
Q

What do Chido-Rogers antibodies target?

A

C4 complement proteins

These antibodies can interfere with immune responses and are important in transfusion reactions.

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16
Q

How can Chido-Rogers antibodies be neutralised?

A

By the addition of excess complement (AB serum)

This method helps in reducing the interference caused by these antibodies during testing.

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17
Q

What do Knops-McCoy antibodies target?

A

CR1 molecule on red cells

These antibodies are significant in the context of transfusion immunology and can affect compatibility.

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18
Q

How can Knops-McCoy antibodies be neutralised?

A

By the addition of recombinant KNIR reagent (Knops Inhibition Reagent)

The use of recombinant proteins srCR1-LHR-C and srCR1-LHR-D is part of this neutralisation process.

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19
Q

What is the difference between phenotyping and genotyping?

A

Phenotyping involves serological testing; genotyping involves genetic analysis

These methods are used to identify blood group antigens and genetic polymorphisms associated with blood groups.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is used to determine whether an antibody is allo or auto.

A

[Phenotyping]

Phenotyping helps distinguish between antibodies arising from the individual (autoantibodies) and those from another individual (alloantibodies).

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21
Q

What are High Frequency Antigens (HFAs)?

A

Antigens with an incidence of >90%, mostly >99%

HFAs are also called ‘high incidence’, ‘high prevalence’, and ‘public’ antigens.

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22
Q

What is the significance of lacking High Frequency Antigens?

A

Indicates a rare phenotype

The absence of HFAs can be clinically significant in blood transfusion.

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23
Q

How many red blood cell antigens are classified as HFAs by the lISBT?

A

189 red blood cell antigens

These antigens have varying ethnic exclusivity.

24
Q

Why are routine laboratories often unable to investigate HFAs?

A

They are referred to a Reference laboratory

This is due to the complexity and rarity of some HFAs.

25
Q

What is the purpose of antibody identification in the context of HFAs?

A

To assess clinical significance, exclude underlying alloantibodies, and guide transfusion decisions

Identifying antibodies helps ensure safe blood transfusions.

26
Q

Fill in the blank: High Frequency Antigens are also referred to as _______.

A

high incidence, high prevalence, and public antigens

27
Q

What are Ch/Rg?

A

Plasma antigens located on complement receptor C4

28
Q

What is the purpose of coating cells with C4?

A

To increase amounts of Ch/Rg for testing

29
Q

What indicates a strong reaction in coated cells?

A

A strong reaction is an instant indication of anti-Ch/Rg specificity

30
Q

What does a comparison of coated vs uncoated cells show?

A

Shows the strength of the anti-Ch/Rg reaction

31
Q

In the inhibition panel, if anti-Ch/Rg is inhibited, what can be inferred?

A

C4 in plasma can inhibit anti-Ch/Rg

32
Q

What is the significance of soluble recombinant blood group proteins (sRGB)?

A

They determine if a suspected blood group protein is the culprit

33
Q

How is the sRGB test conducted?

A

Incubate patient’s plasma with sRGB in parallel with a diluent control

34
Q

What does diminished or eliminated reactivity in the presence of a positive diluent control indicate?

A

Indicates the antibody has been inhibited

35
Q

What are the advantages of the MAIEA assay?

A

Monoclonal Antibody Immobilization of Erythrocyte Antigens

36
Q

Fill in the blank: The anti-Ch/Rg can be inhibited by _______ in plasma.

A

C4

37
Q

True or False: The MAIEA assay is used for testing erythrocyte antigens.

A

True

38
Q

What can inhibit Anti-Ch/Rg antibodies in plasma?

A

C4

C4 is a component of the complement system that can inhibit certain antibodies.

39
Q

What does sRGB stand for in the context of blood group testing?

A

Soluble recombinant blood group proteins

sRGB is used to determine if a suspected blood group protein is the cause of an antibody response.

40
Q

What is the process for testing suspected blood group proteins using sRGB?

A

Incubate patient’s plasma with sRGB in parallel with a diluent control

This helps determine if the antibody is inhibited.

41
Q

What indicates that an antibody has been inhibited during testing with sRGB?

A

Reactivity is diminished or eliminated in the presence of a positive diluent control

This suggests that the antibody has been inhibited by the sRGB.

42
Q

What does MAIEA stand for?

A

Monoclonal Antibody Immobilization of Erythrocyte Antigens

MAIEA is an assay used to detect human antibodies binding to specific RBC proteins.

43
Q

What is the purpose of using peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-human Ig in the MAIEA assay?

A

To detect human antibodies that have bound to targeted proteins

This helps confirm the presence of specific antibodies in the sample.

44
Q

What type of antibodies are used in the MAIEA assay?

A

Monoclonal antibodies specific for suspected RBC membrane proteins

These antibodies are crucial for identifying the presence of specific antigens.

45
Q

How can the MAIEA assay be used as a competitive binding assay?

A

To map epitopes

This allows researchers to identify specific binding sites on antigens.

46
Q

True or False: The MAIEA assay can only be used for positive results.

A

False

The assay can also provide information about the binding characteristics of antibodies.

47
Q

What does MAIEA stand for?

A

Monoclonal Antibody Immobilization of Erythrocyte Antigens

48
Q

What is the purpose of the MAIEA assay?

A

To detect antibodies to high-frequency antigens in blood

49
Q

Which antibodies are targeted by the MAIEA assay?

A

Knops, Cromer, Lutheran, Kell, Yt, and Indian System

50
Q

What type of assay can MAIEA be used as for mapping epitopes?

A

Competitive binding assay

51
Q

What does a positive result in the MAIEA assay indicate?

A

Human antibody has bound to the targeted protein

52
Q

What is the economical benefit of using MAIEA?

A

Economical on plasma, achieving 83% efficiency

53
Q

What additional method is mentioned for supplementary testing?

A

Genetic sequencing

54
Q

What does serology provide clues for in genetic sequencing?

A

Indicates which gene to target

55
Q

What type of antibodies can be identified effectively using MAIEA?

A

CR1-related antibodies

56
Q

Fill in the blank: The MAIEA assay is particularly useful when a particular blood group system is suspected based on _______.

A

[enzyme studies]

57
Q

What are Lu21, INFI, and INJA HEA’s in relation to MAIEA?

A

They were discovered with the help of MAIEA

4.2 Blood Transfusion Science (13 decks)

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