Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
what are some objects that are regularly flamed to avoid contamination?
opening of glass tube of microbes
loop tool
what is the power of the ocular lens?
10x
what are the powers of the four objective lenes of the microscope?
4x
10x
40x
100x
what is the smallest total magnification and the largest total magnification our compound microscope can magnify?
40x - 1000x
what is the purpose of oil immersion?
reduces light refraction which limits loss of light in order to view clear image (increase the resolution) at 1000x magnification
which objective lens requires immersion oil?
100x
what is a smear? Is microbe alive?
fusing of a microbe to a glass slide
microbes are dead
what is a wet mount? is microbe alive?
liquid sample containing Living culture of microbes
yes
what are the steps of making a smear?
- take two loopfuls of bacteria to target circle
- air dry
- heat fix by running slide through flame 6 times
what is the purpose of fusing bacteria to slide?
kills bacteria
makes bacteria easier to see because they are not moving
WHAT do we flame during preparation of smear? why?
-opening of microbe vile
- looping tool
to follow aseptic technique and not contaminate microbes to other surfaces or the microbes themselves
what is the advantages of using a wet mount instead of a smear?
live organisms (you can see how they function)
easy to prep
why do we stain microbes?
to better see morphology (size and shape)
How is simple stain different than a differential stain?
simple stain uses one dye
differential stain uses multiple dyes
what are the names and colors of the simple stains we used at beginning of class?
methylene blue (blue)
safranin (pink)
what are the basic steps to differential stain technique?
- start with applying primary stain to smear
- use mordant
- use decolorizer
- use counterstain
what is a mordant’s purpose?
helps dye color stick in target cells (intensifies color)
what is the decolorizer’s purpose?
removes color from the background and any non-target cells
what is the counterstain’s purpose
stains non-target cells
what is the reason to use a differential stain technique?
to help see and differentiate different microbes
during which step is the simple stain used within the differential staining technique?
last step = secondary/differential stain
during which step is the differential stain used during the differential staining technique?
first step = differential stain
would malachite green be considered a simple or differential stain?
differential
what is the primary stain in the spore staining technique?
malachite green
what is the mordant in the spore staining technique?
steam
what is the decolorizer in the spore staining technique?
distilled water
what is the counterstain in the spore staining technique?
safranin
what are two genera of common spore formers?
what is the color of the endospores at the end?
endospores are green
what appears to be pink at the end of endospore staining?
vegetative cells
what is the primary stain in gram staining?
crystal violet
what is the mordant in gram staining?
iodine
what is the decolorizer used in gram staining?
alcohol and acetone
what is the counterstain used in gram staining?
safranin
what color is a Gram positive cell at the end of stain?
purple
what color is a Gram negative cell at the end of stain?
pink
what are the shapes and genera of the two Gram bacteria we used?
Staphylococcus - coccus
Escherchia - bacillus
what is the primary stain in acid-fast staining?
basic fuchsin
what is the mordant in acid-fast staining?
phenol + dimethyl sulfoxide
what is the name when basic fuchsin is mixed with the mordant in acid-fast technique?
carbol fuchsin
what is the decolorizer used in acid-fast technique?
acid-alcohol
what is the counterstain used in acid-fast technique?
methylene blue
what color are the acid-fast target cells at the end of acid-fast technique?
red
what color are the non-target cells of acid-fast technique?
blue
what is the genus of the acid-fast microbe used?
what is the genus of the non-target cell in the acid-fast technique?
How is negative stain different from other staining protocols that we performed?
We stain the background of the slide, rather than the cell itself
How is the fixing step for the capsule stain different from the other staining protocols that we performed before?
it uses chemical fixing as opposed to heat fixing
what is the primary stain in capsule staining?
Congo red
what is the purpose of the acid-alcohol for the capsule stain? how is this different than how it was used for acid-fast?
In capsule staining, acid-alcohol chemically fixes the cells to the slide
In acid-fast, acid-alcohol is used as the decolorizer
what is the secondary stain used in capsule staining?
Carbol fuchsin
what was the genus of the organism we used in capsule staining?
How do capsules appear at the end of capsule staining?
background will be dark blue/purple and magenta
capsules will look like a clear halo around the pinkish color of the bacillus shaped cell
what color is background of capsule staining?
Dark blue/purple and magenta
name
common name: Tapeworm
what is the name of the head of this organism? meaning?
scolex - “head with suckers”
what are we looking at? genus name?
where can Planaria be found?
in digestive system
what is the difference between Planaria and the tapeworm?
tapeworms are parasitic flatworms while Planaria are non-parasitic flatworms
Genus?
Genus?
what is the centermost organism considered to be (not talking genus name)
zygospores (sexual reproduction)
what is the organism in the bottom right corner considered to be (not talking genus name)
sporangia (asexual reproduction)
Is this a bacteria, yeast, or fungus? (Not asking for genus or species name)
mold/fungi
what is the name of this?
Common name: Hydra
what type of animal is this
invertebrate freshwater animal
what are these projections?
feeding tentacles
Genus name?
genus name? (Color: green)
genus name?
what three microbes are molds?
Rhizopus
Aspergillus
Penicillium
(All underlined)
what are molds?
multicellular fungi
genus?
What term is used to identify this structure (not name the genus)
cleistothecia - closed-fruiting body that contains sexual spores
name? (color is purple)
mixed budding yeast
How are yeast different than molds?
yeast are unicellular fungi
molds are multicellular fungi
what is the common name of these?
diatom
Name a fact about diatoms
they are photosynthetic algae that contain silica in their cell walls
Name?
lichen
what is the term associated with this organism but is not its name? meaning?
thallus - vegetative fruiting body
genus name?
what is the darker purple dot within the microbe?
nucleus
what ailment can this cause?
protozoan parasite can cause STI
what are these? (Look closely)
bacteria capsules
what is the function of the halo-like portion of these cells?
help bacteria with attachment and evading immune cells
genus name?
where can these be found?
in soil and GI tract of human body
shape of these cells?
bacillus
genus name?
gram positive or gram negative?
Gram positive bacteria
gram positive or gram negative?
Gram positive bacteria
gram positive or gram negative? (pinkish/red cells)
Gram negative bacteria
what ailment can these cause?
strep throat
genus name?
what ailment does this cause?
STI, gonorrhea
what is the shape of this cell
coccus
This picture does not show the colors accurately. The lighter colors should be green and the dark splotches should be pink. what might this be a sample of?
endospores (bluish green)
vegetative cells (pink)
Identify?: (smaller bits are green in color, longer bits are red in color)
endospores and vegetative cells
identify: (circular-shaped cells are blue in color, large clumps are pink)
acid-fast (Mycobacterium in pink)
non-target (Staphylococcus in blue)
Planaria is hermaphorditic, what does that mean?
has both female and male sex organs
what is the genus?
