Lab E2 Flashcards
1
Q
Location of the Heart
A
Between the 1st and 5th intercostal spaces when in anatomical position
Located within the thoracic cavity in a space called the mediastinum
2
Q
RA -> RV -> LA -> LV
A
RA -> RV -> LA -> LV
3
Q
LV has thicker muscle to pump blood to entire body
A
LV has thicker muscle to pump blood to entire body
4
Q
3 things that drain to the RA
A
IVC, SVC, and Coronary Sinus
5
Q
Right side
brings deoxygenated blood back to heart
A
Right side
brings deoxygenated blood back to heart
6
Q
Pulmonary trunk
takes blood to lungs
A
Pulmonary trunk
takes blood to lungs
7
Q
Left side
LA receives blood from lungs oxygenated
LV feeds oxygenated blood to body
A
Left side
LA receives blood from lungs oxygenated
LV feeds oxygenated blood to body
8
Q
Valves
atrioventricular
A
Valves
atrioventricular
Tricuspid and Bicuspid(mitral) valves
separates atriums and ventricles
9
Q
Valves
semilunar
A
semilunar
pulmonary and aortic
separate anything from leaving the ventricles
10
Q
AV are active valves
A
chorde tendinae pull on the valve to actively open it
11
Q
Semilunar valve
A
passive
as heart contracts the pressure builds up which causes the opening of the valves
12
Q
Layers of heart
A
Endocardium
innermost layer which touches blood
Myocardium
thick muscular layer
epicardium
outside
13
Q
Pericardium
A
the sac the heart is in
14
Q
When atria contract the ventricles relax
A
when ventricles contract the atria relax
15
Q
The heart can move a little depending on body position
A
The heart can move a little depending on body position
16
Q
Systole
A
Systolic then diastolic
Systole = ventricular contraction
semilunar valves open
AV valves close(prevents back flow)
17
Q
Diastolic
A
Systolic then diastolic
Diastolic = ventricular relaxation filling phase ventricules get blood from the artia AV valves are open Semilunar valves close
18
Q
Semilunar Valves – prevents backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax
Pulmonary valve
Controls blood flow of deoxygenated blood from right side of heart into pulmonary trunk
Aortic valve
Regulates the oxygenated blood flow from the left side of heart into the aorta
A
Semilunar Valves – prevents backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax
Pulmonary valve
Controls blood flow of deoxygenated blood from right side of heart into pulmonary trunk
Aortic valve
Regulates the oxygenated blood flow from the left side of heart into the aorta
19
Q
Atrioventricular Valves (AV) – prevents backflow into the atria when ventricles contract
Tricuspid valve
Right side between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Left side between left atrium and ventricle
A
Atrioventricular Valves (AV) – prevents backflow into the atria when ventricles contract
Tricuspid valve
Right side between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Left side between left atrium and ventricle
20
Q
Arteries = leaving the heart
Vein = towards the heart
Pulmonary system arteries are deoxygenated
in systemic system the arteries are oxygenated
A
Arteries = leaving the heart
Vein = towards the heart
Pulmonary system arteries are deoxygenated
in systemic system the arteries are oxygenated
21
Q
Pulmonary circuit
A
Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
Receives oxygen poor blood from the body tissues and then pumps this blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide
22
Q
Systemic circuit
A
The vessels that transport blood to and from all body tissues and back to the heart
Receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs and pumps this blood throughout the body
23
Q
Layers of vein
A
Tunica intima is the innermost layer that touches blood
Tunica media
muscular layer
controls vasocontriction and vasodilation
Tunica adventitia
outermost layer
24
Q
Vein has a one way valve
A
venous system has low BP
valve prevents backflow
25
Skeletal muscle pump(veins)
seen in the legs
| as muscles contract they squeeze the blood vessels to help push the blood up towards the heart
26
Pressure gradient(veins)
as the diaphragm contracts the pressure in the abdominal cavity increases while thoracic cavity pressure decreases
blood likes to go from high to low pressure so moves towards heart
27
What helps move blood in veins?
- one way valves
- skeletal muscle pump
- pressure gradient
28
Auscultation of the Heart Sounds
Know points S1 and S2 and lub and dub
the sound is from the turbulence of the blood flow NOT the physical closing of valves(door wooshing through a closing door not the door actually closing)
S1 “Lub” – first sound; produced by turbulent blood flow through the AV valves
S2 “Dub” – second sound; produced by turbulent blood flow through the semilunar valves
29
5 areas of auscultation:
```
Tricuspid
Bicuspid (Mitral)
Primary pulmonic
Secondary pulmonic
Aortic
```
30
Stroke volume is what leaves the ventricle
end systolic volume is what is left after stroke volume has left
End diastolic volume is the maximum amount of blood
end of the filling phase which is as full as it can get
During one contraction all blood that leaves is the stroke volume
EDV = ESV + SV
Stroke volume is what leaves the ventricle
end systolic volume is what is left after stroke volume has left
End diastolic volume is the maximum amount of blood
end of the filling phase which is as full as it can get
During one contraction all blood that leaves is the stroke volume
EDV = ESV + SV
31
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
Heart Rate
Heart rate – number of contractions per minute (60-100 bpm)
32
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
Stroke volume
Stroke volume – volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during one contraction (~70 mL)
33
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
Systole
Systole – phase of ventricular contraction
| 0.3 seconds of the cardiac cycle
34
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
Diastole
Diastole – phase of ventricular relaxation
| 0.5 seconds of the cardiac cycle
35
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
End systolic volume
End systolic volume – total volume of blood left in the ventricles at the end of systole (~50 mL)
EDV = ESV + SV
36
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
End diastolic volume
End diastolic volume – total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (~120 mL)
EDV = ESV + SV
37
EDV = ESV + SV
EDV = ESV + SV
38
Max arterial pressure = systolic pressure
Minimum arterial pressure = diastolic pressure
1st is systolic
2nd is diastolic
Systolic/diastolic
Max arterial pressure = systolic pressure
Minimum arterial pressure = diastolic pressure
1st is systolic
2nd is diastolic
Systolic/diastolic
39
Blood Pressure
When the left ventricle ejects blood into the aorta, the aortic pressure rises. The maximal arterial pressure following ejection is termed the systolic pressure.
As the left ventricle is relaxing and refilling, the aortic pressure falls. The minimal arterial pressure following ventricular relaxation is termed the diastolic pressure.
Aortic blood pressure is not usually measured directly but is estimated using an instrument called a sphygmomanometer.
Systolic Pressure: the pressure at which the first Korotkoff sound is heard
Diastolic Pressure: the pressure at which the sound disappears
40
Blood pressure Categories
Normal
Ststolic(mm Hg)
Less than 120
and
Diastolic(mm Hg)
less than 80
41
Blood pressure Categories
Elevated
Ststolic(mm Hg)
120-129
and
Diastolic(mm Hg)
less than 80
42
Blood pressure Categories
High Blood Pressure(hypertension) Stage 1
Ststolic(mm Hg)
130-139
Or
Diastolic(mm Hg)
80-89
43
Blood pressure Categories
High Blood Pressure(Hypertension) Stage 2
Ststolic(mm Hg)
140 or higher
Or
Diastolic(mm Hg)
90 or higher
119/95 = High Blood Pressure stage 2
44
Blood pressure Categories
| ```
Hypertensive Crisis
consult doctor immediately
```
Ststolic(mm Hg)
higher than 180
and/or
Diastolic(mm Hg)
higher than 120
45
SA node is the pacemaker of the heart
starts the cycle
SA contracts to RA and LA for simultaneous
SA before AV
SA -> AV -> Bundle of HIS -> Left and Right bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers
SA node is the pacemaker of the heart
starts the cycle
SA contracts to RA and LA for simultaneous
SA before AV
SA -> AV -> Bundle of HIS -> Left and Right bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers
46
Contraction = depolarization
depolarization causes contraction
SA signal
P wave = atrial depolarization
AV happens in P wave
Bundle of HIS, bundle branches, and purkinje causes QRS complex
ventricular depolarization(contraction)
masks the atrial repolarization
its in the QRS area
```
Ventricular repolarization(relaxation)
T wave
```
RR interval
measures heartrate
full cardiac cycle is highest peak to highest peak
the RR interval is the length of the cardiac cycle(know this)
1500/#of small boxes
1 small box = 1mm and 0.04 seconds
Contraction = depolarization
depolarization causes contraction
SA signal
P wave = atrial depolarization
AV happens in P wave
Bundle of HIS, bundle branches, and purkinje causes QRS complex
ventricular depolarization(contraction)
masks the atrial repolarization
its in the QRS area
```
Ventricular repolarization(relaxation)
T wave
```
RR interval
measures heartrate
full cardiac cycle is highest peak to highest peak
the RR interval is the length of the cardiac cycle(know this)
1500/#of small boxes
1 small box = 1mm and 0.04 seconds
47
P wave = atrial depolarization
QRS = ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave = ventricular repolarization
PR or PQ interval = SA node to QRS complex
atrial depolarization happens in here
QT interval = depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles
RR interval = measures one cardiac cycle
measures heartrate
P wave = atrial depolarization
QRS = ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave = ventricular repolarization
PR or PQ interval = SA node to QRS complex
atrial depolarization happens in here
QT interval = depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles
RR interval = measures one cardiac cycle
measures heartrate
48
P wave = atrial depolarization
P wave = atrial depolarization
49
QRS = ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
QRS = ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
50
T wave = ventricular repolarization
T wave = ventricular repolarization
51
PR or PQ interval = SA node to QRS complex
| atrial depolarization happens in here
PR or PQ interval = SA node to QRS complex
| atrial depolarization happens in here
52
QT interval = depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles
QT interval = depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles
53
RR interval = measures one cardiac cycle
| measures heartrate
RR interval = measures one cardiac cycle
| measures heartrate
54
Sinus Bradycardia
a regular ekg but slow heart rate
longer time
sleeping
Sinus rhythm rate less than 60 beats per minute
55
Sinus Tachycardia
```
sinus = regular
tachycardia = elevated
decreases RR cycle
increases heart rate
its normal ekg but faster cycles per minute
```
Sinus rhythm rate greater than 100 beats per minute
56
Atrial Flutter (A-flutter)
Consecutive atrial depolarization waves or “flutter” waves
“Saw-tooth” appearance
Different ratios (2:1, 3:1, 4:1) possible
no p wave but flutter waves
lack of complete atrial depolarization
57
Atrial Fibrillation (A-fib)
Caused by many ectopic atrial foci firing at rapid rates
No distinguishable P waves because the atria are sending impulses erratically
Variable and irregular QRS response
little vibrations rapidly instead of full contraction
no p wave
random firings
worse than A-flutter
58
Ventricular Tachycardia (V-tach)
Characteristic wide QRS complexes
P wave generally blends within the QRS
full QRS
p wave fuses into QRS
get the depolarization of the ventricles
Both of these require defibrillation
shocking to reset the SA node
idea is to stop everything with a large amount of energy are reset the system
59
Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib)
Ventricular fibrillation is a type of cardiac arrest. There is no effective pumping action by the heart and thus there is no circulation.
Lack of any identifiable waves on the electrocardiogram; it appears as erratic, rapid twitching of the ventricles
Requires immediate CPR and defibrillation
shivers of ventricles
random and no coordination
blood is not being pumped to body
cardiac arrest
Both of these require defibrillation
shocking to reset the SA node
idea is to stop everything with a large amount of energy are reset the system
60
AV Blocks
First-degree AV block
AV block = block between atrium and ventricular depolarization
Blocks still have the p wave unlike a flutter
Characterized by a consistently prolonged PR interval
PR interval greater than 0.2 second or one large square
Not necessarily a “block” but rather a “delay”
61
AV Blocks
Second-degree AV block
AV block = block between atrium and ventricular depolarization
Blocks still have the p wave unlike a flutter
Allows some atrial depolarization (P waves) to conduct to the ventricles while some are blocked, leaving lone P waves without an associated QRS
For the purposes of this class, second degree blocks can be distinguished by repeated P waves prior to the QRS complex or P waves that are missing their corresponding QRS complex
62
AV Blocks
Third-degree AV block
AV block = block between atrium and ventricular depolarization
Blocks still have the p wave unlike a flutter
Total block of conduction to the ventricles
The atria and ventricles have lost communication and are now functioning independently of one another
For the purposes of this class, third degree AV blocks can be distinguished by no relationship between the P and the QRS waveforms.
63
blood is a connective tissue
Erythrocytes = blood cells
Insulin is a hormone transported by blood
Immune response = WBC
blood is a connective tissue
Erythrocytes = blood cells
Insulin is a hormone transported by blood
Immune response = WBC
64
Hematopoiesis
the process by which blood cells are formed
Begins in the early embryo and continues throughout life
After birth, all blood cells originated in the bone marrow at a rate of 100 billion cells per day.
The various types of blood cells all differentiate from a single cell type.
65
Hematopoiesis
functions
Transportation
Respiration, nutrition, excretion, hormonal
Regulation
Thermoregulation
Protection
Immune response
66
Know plasma = 55% and contents
no cells in plasma
Buffy coat
WBCs can be found
Know plasma = 55% and contents
no cells in plasma
Buffy coat
WBCs can be found
67
Composition of Blood
Plasma – 55%
- Water
- Proteins
- Electrolytes, blood gases, nutrients, enzymes, waste products, etc.
Formed Elements – 45%
- Erythrocytes
- Buffy Coat (<1%)
- --Leukocytes
- --Platelets
68
Blood Plasma (55%)
Consists of 90% water, remaining 10% consists of proteins, electrolytes, gases, hormones, waste, etc.
Plasma proteins make up 7-9% of the plasma:
albumin
globulin
fibrinogen
69
Plasma proteins make up 7-9% of the plasma:
Albumin
Maintains osmotic pressure, helps keep water from diffusing out of the bloodstream into the extracellular matrix of tissues
70
Plasma proteins make up 7-9% of the plasma:
Globulin
Alpha and Beta globulins transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins.
Gamma globulins are antibodies produced by lymphocytes
71
Plasma proteins make up 7-9% of the plasma:
Fibrinogen
Forms fibrin threads essential in blood hemostasis
72
Albumin not working then edema
water retention in cells
Globulin(for trest)
know Alpha, Beta, and Gamma
Fibrinogen
helps platelets stick together
Albumin not working then edema
water retention in cells
Globulin(for trest)
know Alpha, Beta, and Gamma
Fibrinogen
helps platelets stick together
73
45% of the blood(plasma is 55%)
Biconcave disks – provides up to 30% more surface area for carry more molecules like hemoglobin and thus oxygen
4 oxygen per hemoglobin
RBCs do not have mitochondria
don’t use the oxygen it is carrying
RBCs lifespan = 100-120 days
“shear effect” – cells can be in a lot of physical stress(capillaries are small etc) may shorted the cells lifespan due to stress
45% of the blood(plasma is 55%)
Biconcave disks – provides up to 30% more surface area for carry more molecules like hemoglobin and thus oxygen
4 oxygen per hemoglobin
RBCs do not have mitochondria
don’t use the oxygen it is carrying
RBCs lifespan = 100-120 days
“shear effect” – cells can be in a lot of physical stress(capillaries are small etc) may shorted the cells lifespan due to stress
74
Formed Elements - RBCs
Lack nuclei and organelles
Biconcave discs
Hemoglobin
-Each erythrocyte contains approximately
100 -120 day lifespan
-Can be altered by “shear effect”
Hematocrit – the proportion of the blood that consists of red blood cells
- In healthy men, the hematocrit is 46% +/- 5%
- In healthy women, the hematocrit is 42% +/- 5%
Erythropoietin (EPO) – maintains the balance between production and destruction of red blood cells
75
Hematocrit
the proportion of the blood that consists of red blood cells
- In healthy men, the hematocrit is 46% +/- 5%
- In healthy women, the hematocrit is 42% +/- 5%
76
Erythropoietin (EPO)
maintains the balance between production and destruction of red blood cells
77
Leukocytes are able to take short cuts that RBCs cant to get to sites of impact
diapedesis and extravasation
biG BEN
G = granulocytes
BEN = 3 cells within
Leukocytes are able to take short cuts that RBCs cant to get to sites of impact
diapedesis and extravasation
biG BEN
G = granulocytes
BEN = 3 cells within
78
Formed Elements - WBCs
Move in an amoeboid fashion via cytoplasmic extensions
Squeeze through the intracellular junctions between capillary walls via diapedesis or extravasation
Classified based on staining properties
- Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
79
Formed Elements - WBCs
Granulocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
80
Formed Elements - WBCs
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
81
Granulocytes:
Neutrophils
```
Multi-lobed
one nucleus with multiple parts
most common Leukocytes
first to show up
can specifically target bacteria
```
larger than RBC
Pale red cell
dark purple nucleus
82
Granulocytes:
Eosinophils
Orangy red(bright red)
Bi-lobe
one nucleus with 2 lobes
orange cell and dark purple staining nucleus
larger than RBC
Fights parasitic infections
83
Granulocytes:
Basophils
Most rare
Dark purple cell
larger than RBC
dark purple nucleus hidden by dark purple cell stain
For allergic reactions
filled with histamine to reduce inflammation
The nucleus is not defined as multi or bi-lobed
84
Agranulocytes:
Monocytes
Agranulocyte
Largest of them all
Kidney(C shape) shaped nucleus
Turn into macrophages
eat particles with no distinction
abundant cytoplasm with no granules visible
85
Agranulocytes:
Lymphocytes
smallest leukocyte
slightly bigger than RBC
Agranulocyte
Very big nucleus(almost whole cell)
T lymphocytes
WBC that attacks anything
B lymphocytes
WBC that memorizes the pathogen for faster response to it in the future
Killer cells go around and find virus infected cells and trigger apoptosis
86
Antigens
found on the surface of cells to help the immune system recognize self cells
87
Antibodies
secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells or antigens
88
ABO System
There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells:
A
B
AB
O
89
Group A
has the A antigen on RBCs and B antibody in the plasma
90
Group B
has the B antigen on RBCs and A antibody in the plasma
91
Group AB
has both A and B antigens on RBCs, but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma
92
Group O
has neither A nor B antigens on RBCs, but both A and B antibody are in the plasma
93
Group A
A antigen and B antibody
Group AB
A and B antigens but no A or B antibody
can get A or B blood
Group O
neither A or B antigens but both A and B antibodies
can be given to any because without antigens then the O cells wont find A or B as invader
Group A
A antigen and B antibody
Group AB
A and B antigens but no A or B antibody
can get A or B blood
Group O
neither A or B antigens but both A and B antibodies
can be given to any because without antigens then the O cells wont find A or B as invader
94
Rh factor
In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a third antigen called the Rh factor, which can be either present (+) or absent ( – ).
Rh antigen is sometimes referred to as D antigen.
Rh negative blood is given to
Rh negative patients.
Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood may be given to Rh positive patients.
O- is the universal donor and AB+ is the universal recipient
95
Rh antigen AKA D antigen
Rh negative means they do not carry Rh factor so if Rh positive given then the body will treat the + as a foreign invader and attack
cant give Rh+ to Rh- patient
can gives Rh – to Rh+ patient though
already have the Rh+ antigen
O- is universal donor
does not have A or B antigens or Rh factor so it can be received by anything
AB+ is the universal recipient
does not have A or B antibodies
has Rh+ factor
Rh antigen AKA D antigen
Rh negative means they do not carry Rh factor so if Rh positive given then the body will treat the + as a foreign invader and attack
cant give Rh+ to Rh- patient
can gives Rh – to Rh+ patient though
already have the Rh+ antigen
O- is universal donor
does not have A or B antigens or Rh factor so it can be received by anything
AB+ is the universal recipient
does not have A or B antibodies
has Rh+ factor
96
O- is universal donor
| does not have A or B antigens or Rh factor so it can be received by anything
O- is universal donor
| does not have A or B antigens or Rh factor so it can be received by anything
97
AB+ is the universal recipient
does not have A or B antibodies
has Rh+ factor
AB+ is the universal recipient
does not have A or B antibodies
has Rh+ factor
98
Not all ethnic groups have the same distribution of these blood types.
Latino-American people, for example, have a relatively high number of O’s.
Asian people have a relatively high number of B’s.
Not all ethnic groups have the same distribution of these blood types.
Latino-American people, for example, have a relatively high number of O’s.
Asian people have a relatively high number of B’s.
99
```
Symptoms
fatigue
dizzy
pale
others
```
Pernicious
lack of vitamin B12
helps hemoglobin and RBCs better at carrying oxygen
diet or intrinsic factor(If) in stomach may not be able to ingest enough B12
B 12 shots can help
Iron-deficiency
helps hemoglobin because hemoglobin is composed of iron
Iron supplements
iron makes up hB
Aplastic anemia
in bone marrow where RBC produced
low levels of erythrocytes
need to figure out whats causing it
Sickle cell
crescent shape cells
changes surface area, causing issues with clotting
thus problems with oxygen transport
Hemorrhagic
trauma may cause major bleeding
this lowers total blood in system which will be harder for circulatory system to move enough oxygen throughout the body
```
Symptoms
fatigue
dizzy
pale
others
```
Pernicious
lack of vitamin B12
helps hemoglobin and RBCs better at carrying oxygen
diet or intrinsic factor(If) in stomach may not be able to ingest enough B12
B 12 shots can help
Iron-deficiency
helps hemoglobin because hemoglobin is composed of iron
Iron supplements
iron makes up hB
Aplastic anemia
in bone marrow where RBC produced
low levels of erythrocytes
need to figure out whats causing it
Sickle cell
crescent shape cells
changes surface area, causing issues with clotting
thus problems with oxygen transport
Hemorrhagic
trauma may cause major bleeding
this lowers total blood in system which will be harder for circulatory system to move enough oxygen throughout the body
100
Anemia
A group of conditions that result from the inability of erythrocytes to deliver the needed amount of oxygen to the cells of the body
There are two ways in which anemia can develop:
- Insufficient number of erythrocytes
- Inability of the erythrocytes to bind the normal amount of oxygen
```
Symptoms
fatigue
dizzy
pale
others
```
101
Pernicious anemia
lack of vitamin B12
helps hemoglobin and RBCs better at carrying oxygen
diet or intrinsic factor(If) in stomach may not be able to ingest enough B12
B 12 shots can help
102
Iron-deficiency anemia
helps hemoglobin because hemoglobin is composed of iron
Iron supplements
iron makes up hB
103
Aplastic anemia
in bone marrow where RBC produced
low levels of erythrocytes
need to figure out whats causing it
104
Sickle cell anemia
crescent shape cells
changes surface area, causing issues with clotting
thus problems with oxygen transport
105
Hemorrhagic anemia
trauma may cause major bleeding
| this lowers total blood in system which will be harder for circulatory system to move enough oxygen throughout the body
106
Polycythemia
Meaning “many blood cells”
Abnormal excess of erythrocytes in the blood
Blood doping
107
Hemolytic Diseases
Rh incompatibility of mother and second child
When an Rh- woman carries and delivers an Rh+ baby, a small amount of the baby’s blood comes in contact with the mother’s blood at birth.
Post-partum, the immune system of some women develop Rh+ antibodies. So if this woman becomes pregnant with another Rh+ baby her antibodies will cross the placenta and attack the embryos blood.
108
Polycythemia
many blood cells in body
Blood doping
removed plasma from blood then added back to body
higher RBC count which means carrying additional oxygen and able to perform better at things like sports
Hemolytic disease
first pregnancy is fine
second pregnancy is a problem
moms antibodies will attack fetus as something is in the blood that is recognized as foreign
Polycythemia
many blood cells in body
Blood doping
removed plasma from blood then added back to body
higher RBC count which means carrying additional oxygen and able to perform better at things like sports
Hemolytic disease
first pregnancy is fine
second pregnancy is a problem
moms antibodies will attack fetus as something is in the blood that is recognized as foreign
109
Complete blood count (CBC)
Purpose: provides a basic assessment of a patient’s overall health
Quantifies the various blood cells and measures some basic aspects of blood chemistry
Includes: hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and the overall concentration of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, etc.
Helpful in detecting a wide range of disorders such as anemia, leukemia, infection, etc.
110
Complete blood count with differential (CBC with diff)
Purpose: provides a more in depth preliminary assessment of a patient’s overall health
Determines the percentage and absolute concentration of each class of leukocyte
Helpful in determining the type of infection a patient may have i.e. bacterial, fungal, viral
In healthy adults the distribution of WBCs should be:
- Neutrophils: 40% - 60%
- Lymphocytes: 20% - 40%
- Monocytes: 2% - 8%
- Eosinophils: 1% - 4%
- Basophils: 0.5% - 1%
111
The only difference between CBC and CBC with Diff
with Diff shows the specific WBCs
“never let monkeys eat bananas”
know the order for most common to most rare
- Neutrophils: 40% - 60%
- Lymphocytes: 20% - 40%
- Monocytes: 2% - 8%
- Eosinophils: 1% - 4%
- Basophils: 0.5% - 1%
The only difference between CBC and CBC with Diff
with Diff shows the specific WBCs
“never let monkeys eat bananas”
know the order for most common to most rare
- Neutrophils: 40% - 60%
- Lymphocytes: 20% - 40%
- Monocytes: 2% - 8%
- Eosinophils: 1% - 4%
- Basophils: 0.5% - 1%
112
Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
Purpose: provides information about the current status of your metabolism including:
- kidney and liver function
- electrolyte and acid/base balance
- levels of blood glucose and blood proteins
Also used to monitor known conditions, such as hypertension, and to monitor the use of medications to check for any kidney- or liver-related side effects
113
Full Lipid Panel
Purpose: Used as part of a cardiac risk assessment to help determine an individual's risk of heart disease
Includes: total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, (LDL), and triglycerides
Purpose: Used as part of a cardiac risk assessment to help determine an individual's risk of heart disease
Includes: total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, (LDL), and triglycerides
Total Cholesterol = HDL + LDL + 1/5 Triglycerides
114
Total Cholesterol = HDL + LDL + 1/5 Triglycerides
Total Cholesterol = HDL + LDL + 1/5 Triglycerides
