Lab E2 Flashcards
Location of the Heart
Between the 1st and 5th intercostal spaces when in anatomical position
Located within the thoracic cavity in a space called the mediastinum
RA -> RV -> LA -> LV
RA -> RV -> LA -> LV
LV has thicker muscle to pump blood to entire body
LV has thicker muscle to pump blood to entire body
3 things that drain to the RA
IVC, SVC, and Coronary Sinus
Right side
brings deoxygenated blood back to heart
Right side
brings deoxygenated blood back to heart
Pulmonary trunk
takes blood to lungs
Pulmonary trunk
takes blood to lungs
Left side
LA receives blood from lungs oxygenated
LV feeds oxygenated blood to body
Left side
LA receives blood from lungs oxygenated
LV feeds oxygenated blood to body
Valves
atrioventricular
Valves
atrioventricular
Tricuspid and Bicuspid(mitral) valves
separates atriums and ventricles
Valves
semilunar
semilunar
pulmonary and aortic
separate anything from leaving the ventricles
AV are active valves
chorde tendinae pull on the valve to actively open it
Semilunar valve
passive
as heart contracts the pressure builds up which causes the opening of the valves
Layers of heart
Endocardium
innermost layer which touches blood
Myocardium
thick muscular layer
epicardium
outside
Pericardium
the sac the heart is in
When atria contract the ventricles relax
when ventricles contract the atria relax
The heart can move a little depending on body position
The heart can move a little depending on body position
Systole
Systolic then diastolic
Systole = ventricular contraction
semilunar valves open
AV valves close(prevents back flow)
Diastolic
Systolic then diastolic
Diastolic = ventricular relaxation filling phase ventricules get blood from the artia AV valves are open Semilunar valves close
Semilunar Valves – prevents backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax
Pulmonary valve
Controls blood flow of deoxygenated blood from right side of heart into pulmonary trunk
Aortic valve
Regulates the oxygenated blood flow from the left side of heart into the aorta
Semilunar Valves – prevents backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax
Pulmonary valve
Controls blood flow of deoxygenated blood from right side of heart into pulmonary trunk
Aortic valve
Regulates the oxygenated blood flow from the left side of heart into the aorta
Atrioventricular Valves (AV) – prevents backflow into the atria when ventricles contract
Tricuspid valve
Right side between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Left side between left atrium and ventricle
Atrioventricular Valves (AV) – prevents backflow into the atria when ventricles contract
Tricuspid valve
Right side between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Left side between left atrium and ventricle
Arteries = leaving the heart
Vein = towards the heart
Pulmonary system arteries are deoxygenated
in systemic system the arteries are oxygenated
Arteries = leaving the heart
Vein = towards the heart
Pulmonary system arteries are deoxygenated
in systemic system the arteries are oxygenated
Pulmonary circuit
Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
Receives oxygen poor blood from the body tissues and then pumps this blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide
Systemic circuit
The vessels that transport blood to and from all body tissues and back to the heart
Receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs and pumps this blood throughout the body
Layers of vein
Tunica intima is the innermost layer that touches blood
Tunica media
muscular layer
controls vasocontriction and vasodilation
Tunica adventitia
outermost layer
Vein has a one way valve
venous system has low BP
valve prevents backflow
Skeletal muscle pump(veins)
seen in the legs
as muscles contract they squeeze the blood vessels to help push the blood up towards the heart
Pressure gradient(veins)
as the diaphragm contracts the pressure in the abdominal cavity increases while thoracic cavity pressure decreases
blood likes to go from high to low pressure so moves towards heart
What helps move blood in veins?
- one way valves
- skeletal muscle pump
- pressure gradient
Auscultation of the Heart Sounds
Know points S1 and S2 and lub and dub
the sound is from the turbulence of the blood flow NOT the physical closing of valves(door wooshing through a closing door not the door actually closing)
S1 “Lub” – first sound; produced by turbulent blood flow through the AV valves
S2 “Dub” – second sound; produced by turbulent blood flow through the semilunar valves
5 areas of auscultation:
Tricuspid Bicuspid (Mitral) Primary pulmonic Secondary pulmonic Aortic
Stroke volume is what leaves the ventricle
end systolic volume is what is left after stroke volume has left
End diastolic volume is the maximum amount of blood
end of the filling phase which is as full as it can get
During one contraction all blood that leaves is the stroke volume
EDV = ESV + SV
Stroke volume is what leaves the ventricle
end systolic volume is what is left after stroke volume has left
End diastolic volume is the maximum amount of blood
end of the filling phase which is as full as it can get
During one contraction all blood that leaves is the stroke volume
EDV = ESV + SV
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
Heart Rate
Heart rate – number of contractions per minute (60-100 bpm)
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
Stroke volume
Stroke volume – volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during one contraction (~70 mL)
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
Systole
Systole – phase of ventricular contraction
0.3 seconds of the cardiac cycle
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
Diastole
Diastole – phase of ventricular relaxation
0.5 seconds of the cardiac cycle
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
End systolic volume
End systolic volume – total volume of blood left in the ventricles at the end of systole (~50 mL)
EDV = ESV + SV
Fundamental Aspects of the Cardiac Cycle
End diastolic volume
End diastolic volume – total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (~120 mL)
EDV = ESV + SV
EDV = ESV + SV
EDV = ESV + SV
Max arterial pressure = systolic pressure
Minimum arterial pressure = diastolic pressure
1st is systolic
2nd is diastolic
Systolic/diastolic
Max arterial pressure = systolic pressure
Minimum arterial pressure = diastolic pressure
1st is systolic
2nd is diastolic
Systolic/diastolic
Blood Pressure
When the left ventricle ejects blood into the aorta, the aortic pressure rises. The maximal arterial pressure following ejection is termed the systolic pressure.
As the left ventricle is relaxing and refilling, the aortic pressure falls. The minimal arterial pressure following ventricular relaxation is termed the diastolic pressure.
Aortic blood pressure is not usually measured directly but is estimated using an instrument called a sphygmomanometer.
Systolic Pressure: the pressure at which the first Korotkoff sound is heard
Diastolic Pressure: the pressure at which the sound disappears
Blood pressure Categories
Normal
Ststolic(mm Hg)
Less than 120
and
Diastolic(mm Hg)
less than 80
Blood pressure Categories
Elevated
Ststolic(mm Hg)
120-129
and
Diastolic(mm Hg)
less than 80
Blood pressure Categories
High Blood Pressure(hypertension) Stage 1
Ststolic(mm Hg)
130-139
Or
Diastolic(mm Hg)
80-89
Blood pressure Categories
High Blood Pressure(Hypertension) Stage 2
Ststolic(mm Hg)
140 or higher
Or
Diastolic(mm Hg)
90 or higher
119/95 = High Blood Pressure stage 2
Blood pressure Categories
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Hypertensive Crisis
consult doctor immediately
~~~
Ststolic(mm Hg)
higher than 180
and/or
Diastolic(mm Hg)
higher than 120
SA node is the pacemaker of the heart
starts the cycle
SA contracts to RA and LA for simultaneous
SA before AV
SA -> AV -> Bundle of HIS -> Left and Right bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers
SA node is the pacemaker of the heart
starts the cycle
SA contracts to RA and LA for simultaneous
SA before AV
SA -> AV -> Bundle of HIS -> Left and Right bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers
