Exam 1 Clinical Points

Question 1

any change or mutation to receptor structure then

Answer 1

receptor may so resistance to endocrine hormone and hormone receptor can not bind to receptor
leads to different issues such as type 2 diabetes because the insulin receptor can not accept the insulin hormone which leads to hyperglycemia

Question 2

any modification to active transport(or ion pump) can

Answer 2

impact the cellular activity

can impact the action potential

Question 3

if there is any modification to LDL receptor then

Answer 3

LDL can not bind to LDL receptor(rejected by LDL receptor) and it can not release cholesterol into target cell
testicle with no cholesterol will not be able to produce testosterone
leads to sex hormone disorders

Vitamin D precursor is cholesterol as well

Deficiency in vitamin D leads to osteroperosis

Question 4

deficiency of Acid hydrolase leads to

Answer 4

the inability of degradation of large molecules. Glycolipids in brain can cause mental retardation or death in newborns
Tay-sachs disease

Question 5

kinetochores

Answer 5

Some microtubules are connected to chromosomes

Question 6

Cytokinesis

Answer 6

For a short period, the cell has 2 nuclei until

it is completely separated by the process

Question 7

Aneuploidy

Answer 7

any mutation or genetic disorder then there may be 22 or 24 chromosomes instead of 23

Monosomy = 45 total instead of 46

Trisomy = 47 instead of 46

Question 8

Trisomy 21(Down syndrome)

Answer 8

The diagnosis for Down syndrome is by checking a protein in amniotic fluid
alpha-Feto protein
In normal pregnancy the level of hormone is high in first trimester of pregnancy then decreases in 2nd and 3rd trimesters
abnormal the level of protein would increase in second and third trimesters of pregnancy
the elevation is a signal something is wrong
a genetic analysis would be needed to determine what syndrome may be present

Question 9

Chromosome 15 and Marfan syndrome

Answer 9

encodes a glycoprotein called fibrillin-1
fibrillin-1 is for formation of elastic fibers

Can lead to cardia megaly which is bad

Question 10

any change to insulin receptor OR insulin production by pancreas that lead to deficiency of insulin then leads to

Answer 10

hyper glycemia(blood glucose concentration increases)
	excess glucose is harmful to cells(diabetes)

Question 11

over secretion of hydrogen ion into gastric lumen leads to

Answer 11

irritation of stomach which is gastritis(inflammation/irritation of stomach)
omeprazole is antiacid which will block the proton pump
proton pump inhibitor
no hydrogen ion release into stomach which is treatment for gastritis

Question 12

deficiency of Albumin or destruction of capillary leads to

Answer 12

formation of edema
edema = accumulation of fluid in cell or intratitial space
not good

Question 13

ADH dilutes concentrated blood by

Answer 13

by fluid reabsorption
ADH inhibits dehydration
it decreases blood osmotic pressure by dilution of blood

Question 14

Approximate values for EP in nerve and muscle

Answer 14

ENa+ +65mV

ECa2+ +120mV

EK+ -85mV

ECl- -85mV

Question 15

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) blocks

Answer 15

these voltage-sensitive Na+ channels and abolishes action potentials.

Question 16

Disease-myasthenia gravis

Neostigmine is an AChE inhibitor

Answer 16

prevents degradation of Ach
Achsterase inhibitor prevents effect of this enzyme and Ach is able to stay longer time in synaptic cleft and it can bind to unaffected receptor which leads to muscle contraction

Question 17

over secretion of Ach in GI tract can cause

Answer 17

inflammation of GI such as gastritis

Question 18

degreased prolactin in pregnant female leads to

Answer 18

abortion
decrease prolactin increases sex hormons = mensuration

Medicine: Bromocriptine decreases prolactin level which is synthetic dopamine
stress increases prolactin in nonpregnant females which suppresses ability to have children
Bromocriptine can decrease prolactin and make woman fertile again

Question 19

histamine levels increases in asthmatic patients which is why

Answer 19

they have inflammation of bronchi
effect of histamine in GI increases HCl secretion
HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin for digestion of proteins
high histamine can lead to gastritis or gastric ulcer
blocking histamine receptor used to decrease histamine effect
treatment of gastritis

Question 20

Marasmus

Deficiency of protein leads to deficiency of

Answer 20

immune system, protein hormones, pigment cells impacted, muscles atrophied, dryness of skin, severe diarrhea, imbalance of electrolytes(deficiency of ions), lose weight, weakness, malabsorption of digestion and nutrients

Question 21

Ketone Bodies

when acid level is high the CO 2 level is

Answer 21

inreased
not good for brain
the neuron requires oxygen molecules not CO2 molecules
can lead to ketoacidosis and patient can go into coma

Question 22

The relationship between type 1 diabetes and ketones

Answer 22

type 1 is an autoimmune disease
the antibodies such as IGG attaches to beta cells of pancreas(cells secrete insulin)
deficiency of insulin = deficiency of glucose inside the cell
leads to failure of ATP production
leads to hyperglycemia(over 120mm in BV)
hyperglycemia can cause vasculopathy because vasculopathy means excess sugars can destroy the endothelial of blood vessels which leads to hypoxemia(BV can not carry enough oxygen molecules to cells)
vasculopathy can happen in any blood vessels(heart, brain, kidney, renal artery, eye) and possibly rupture the blood vessels
neuropathy can be peripheral or central
no glucose then the neurons are starving due to deficiency of glucose
central neuropathy(for example optic nerve)
untreated type 1 diabetes can cause blindness due to this
excess glucose can cause glucourea(more than 300-350mg/dL)
sodium channels are saturated and can not transport glucose any longer.
leads to glucose in urine
glucose in urine increases osmotic pressure
leads to absorb more fluid in urine(in nephron) then patient has polyurea(need to go all the time/frequently)
frequent urination lead to polydipsia(thirsty)
excess glucose in renal artery leads to hypertension because renal artery cannot carry large amount of blood to renal artery
fluid gets into nephron/kidney then backflow(hypertension)
risk for renal failure increases and impacts heart function

All the above leads to body breaking down fatty acids and using ketones but this leads to
	ketourea
	ketoacidosis(or hyperglycemic coma)

Treatment
insulin replacement
oral will not work because pepsin in stomach can break down insulin
use IV or subdermal

Question 23

in some disorders when the cell has deficiency of oxygen then that cell can not produce ATP then P.A. is converted into Lactic acid which remains in the cytoplasm

Answer 23

• failure of ATP production in that cell
  myocardial infarction blood test shows lactic acid levels are high because of cell death of myocardium due to insufficiency of blood supply(oxygen supply) to myocardial tissue
  this is a positive sign for myocardial infarction
  sometimes physiological condition that lactic acid level increases
  for example, going to the gym causes pain in muscles because the body can not supply muscles enough oxygen for aerobic respiration
  lactic level increases because of deficiency of oxygen supply to muscle tissue

Question 24

25 year old female is planning to have a child but unknown reason the pregnancy is unsuccessful because she has irregular menstruation and ovulation. She has anxiety, nervousness, sleep disorder, sometimes severe headache. What is the main problem?

Deficiency of serotonin
Deficiency of norepinephrine
Deficiency of dopamine
Deficiency of glutamate

Answer 24

Deficiency of dopamine – inhibition of prolactin section. Bromocriptine is used to offset prolactin(dopamine from frontal lobe. Deficiency from brain stem would be Parkinsons)

Question 25

65 year old male has hypertension, palpitations, severe headache, sleep disorder, nose bleeding due to hypertension. Sometimes excess sweating. What is the main problem?

Cancer in CNS
Tumor in adrenal medulla
Tumor in kidney
Tumor in lung

Answer 25

Tumor in adrenal medulla – secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline controls blood pressure, sweating, heart function.

Question 26

55 year old female has abnormal of movement of hands(tremors), head and neck, speech disorder, sleep disorder, palpitations and sweating. What is main problem?

Seretonin Disorder
Dopamine Disorder
Norepinepherene Disorder
Epinepherene Disorder

Answer 26

Dopamine Disorder – from brain stem which controls movement

Question 27

25 year old female has severe diarrhea, dehydration, irregular menstruation and ovulation, protein and vitamin deficiency, weakness, difficulty in respiratory system(coughing and respiratory infection). What is the main problem?

Marfans syndrome
Myastania gravis
Marasmus
Cystic fibrosis

Answer 27

Cystic fibrosis – blockages cause hormone issues and GI issues

Question 28

10 year old boy has weak immune system, general weakness, endocrine hormone disorder(type 1 diabetes), blood test shows hyperglycemia, losing weight, some pigment and skin problems(dryness). What is the main problem?

Marfans syndrome
Mystania gravis
Marasmus
Cystic fibrosis

Answer 28

Marasmus – all cells are based on protein which means

Question 29

55 year old female has severe hypertension, dehydration, headache, vomiting. Doctor realized she has risk for renal failure. Sometimes she feels pain on upper and lower limb because of affected nerves(affected brachial plexus and lumbosacral plexus). What is the main problem?

Marfans syndrome
Myastania gravis
Marasmus
Cystic fibrosis
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes 
Polycystic Kidney Disease

Answer 29

Type 1 diabetes – autoimmune disease, destroys beta cells of pancreas which causes deficiency of insulin. Hyperglycemia, excess glucose, can destroy the renal artery. Glucourea is not normal. The nephron is destroyed leading to renal failure. IV insulin replacement needed.

Question 30

Type 1 VS Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 30

Type 1 – loses weight
Insulin level is lower

Type 2 – gains weight
Insulin level is higher
Can check receptor

Question 31

Ach

Myastina gravis

Answer 31

Autoimmune disease
Antibody blocks ach receptor
Neostigmine medicine

Question 32

Serotonin

Answer 32

Controls mood, appetite, sleep

Deficiency – depression

Question 33

Ribosome function

Answer 33

Translation