Lab E1 Flashcards

Question

Epidermis

Answer 1

Four Distinct Types of Cells Keratinocytes Melanocytes Merkel cells (also called tactile epithelial cells) Langerhans cells (also called dendritic cells)

Answer 2

"come lets get sun burned" ``` Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale ```

Answer 3

most abundant starts in basal then takes 35-45 days to move up and die off keratin is a strong protein helps with the integrity of the skin

Answer 4

secretes melanin in space between keratinocytes | protects nucleus from UV rays which damage the DNA

Answer 5

sensory for touching

Answer 6

phagocytic help with immune response receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 7

"come lets get sun burned" dead cells

Answer 8

"come lets get sun burned" only on thick skin(palms and heels) remember this

Answer 9

"come lets get sun burned" flattened

Answer 10

"come lets get sun burned" greatest concentration of keratinocytes

Answer 11

"come lets get sun burned" where formation starts

Answer 12

Papillary top 20% of dermis(towards epidermis) Reticular bottom 80% of layer

Answer 13

Adjacent to the stratum basale Dermal papilla is folded ---reason is to maximize the nutrient exchange between dermis and epidermis epidermis is not blood supplies = no nutrients which is why the top layers start to die Dermal papillae - Fingerlike projections which attach to the epidermis above - Increase the surface area for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between these layers - Form the ridges and whorls of the skin surface in the fingers, palms, toes, and soles

Answer 14

Deep region of the dermis Accounts for about 80% of the total dermal thickness Dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and blood vessels

Answer 15

not a layer of skin Consists of both areolar and adipose connective tissue Serves as thermal insulation, protective padding, and energy storage

Answer 16

Calcium and phosphorous reabsorption The major function of vitamin D is to maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. It helps the body absorb calcium that is necessary for building and maintaining healthy bones.

Answer 17

UV rays stimulate the deep epidermis to produce a vitamin D precursor. Ends with kidneys(know that) UV rays stimulate skins -> create precursor to vitamin D - > precursor sent to liver -> precursor sent to kidney where is becomes actual Vitamin D form - > active form of Vitamin D is sent to intestine for absorption of calcium and phosphorous

Answer 18

darker skin = longer time in sun for same daily dose of vitamin D stimulation know this for exam “there is no set amount of time”

Answer 19

Produced by melanocytes from an amino acid called tyrosine Accumulate on the superficial, or “sunny,” side of keratinocytes Shields the nucleus from ultraviolet radiation Ranges in color; from yellow to reddish to brown to black ---- Tyrosine - > tyrosinease forms melanin so if the enzyme is missing then no melanin this is Albinism More melanin to protect keratinocytes is why your skin tans it shows as skin getting darker know for exam

Answer 20

Yellow-orange pigment that is obtained from vegetable sources Tends to accumulate in the stratum corneum ---- Carrots, keratin, and stratum cornea this is for Carotene

Answer 21

The pink hue of Caucasian reflects the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin in the capillaries of the dermis Caucasian skin contains little melanin, the epidermis is nearly transparent and allows the color of blood to show through Note: Black and blue marks represent discolored blood that is visible through the skin. Such bruises reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and clotted below the skin. The clinical term for this is called a hematoma. ---- 4 oxygen for 1 hemoglobin in red blood cells makes a red/pink hue know for exam

Answer 22

oil protects skin | antibacterial

Answer 23

Eccrine and Apocrine

Answer 24

everywhere concentrated palms, soles, forehead secrete straight up into sweat pore

Answer 25

axillary and anogenital secrete into a hair follicle then comes out at hair root becomes active during puberty and gives body odor

Answer 26

Chemoreceptors chemical response taste, smell Photoreceptors light eyes Thermoreceptors temperature Mechanoreceptors touch Nociceptors pain First 4 go through adaptation after a while you no longer think about it(temperature becomes fine, touching something a long time becomes dull) advantageous so the body is not overloaded by stimulus Nociceptors pain does not adapt because it is a constant need to know your body is hurting don’t want to have adaptation to encourage fixing the pain

Answer 27

Light and intermittent Distributed on various areas of the skin but are concentrated in areas sensitive to light touch, such as fingertips, lips, and nipples

Answer 28

deep and intermittent - shaving Respond to deep pressure or vibration

Answer 29

Deep and Sustained - deep tissue massage Respond to skin stretching and torque

Answer 30

Light and Sustained Provide information about an object’s qualities like edges or its curves

Answer 31

Merkel | not encapsulated

Answer 32

Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma

Answer 33

Least malignant and most common of the skin cancers Over 30% of all Caucasians get it in their lifetime! Cells of the stratum basale proliferate, invading the dermis and hypodermis, and causing tissue erosions there Most common lesions of this cancer are dome-shaped, shiny nodules Grows relatively slowly, metastasis seldom occurs 99% full cure rate

Answer 34

Arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum Appears as a scaly, irregular, reddened, round elevation Grows rapidly and will likely metastasize if not removed 99% full cure rate

Answer 35

Cancer of the melanocytes Most dangerous kind of skin cancer Can originate wherever there is pigment, but it often arises from existing moles Metastasizes rapidly into surrounding circulatory vessels Key to survival is early detection; survival rate decline with increasing thickness, degree of involvement of nearby lymph nodes, and extent of metastasis

Answer 36

Review the three types Rules A – asymmetry(symmetry for regular mole) B – border – defined rigid border C – color – normal brownish(blotchy is bad) D - diameter – normal up to 6mm E – evolution and elevation evolution = change over time(if changing then check) elevation = how far raised above skin – normal is not as high

Answer 37

Smooth muscle is unicellular with ONE nucleus Cardiac muscle intercalated disk assist in contraction so it contracts in unison Skeletal muscle peripheral located with multiple nucleie on periphery to pack the rest of the cell densely with fibers for contractions Know skeletal muscle for test

Answer 38

Epimysium Surrounds muscle group Perimysium Surrounds fascicle Endomysium Surrounds muscle fiber/cell

Answer 39

Striations in a longitudinal section of skeletal muscle Know longitudinal and cross sections of skeletal muscle differentiation know thick or thin skin slides too

Answer 40

know underlined and boxed in red for test H band is ONLY myosin no actin A band spans the entire myosin area myosin AND actin A for Actin and And I band is ONLY actin no myosin M line is middle of myosin in middle Sarcomere is the functional unit of the muscle smallest unit that can perform a contraction Z disk to Z disk on myofibril ``` On contraction(HI disappear but A stays same) H zone will disappear upon contraction ``` A zone stays same size I zone disappears Protein fibers Actin and Myosin DO NOT change length on contraction but do overlap the entire Sarcomere does change length on contraction

Answer 41

A band – dark region of the sarcomere, myosin filaments plus some overlapping actin I band – light region of the sarcomere, containing only actin filaments H zone – in the center of the each A band is a portion of the myosin filament with no overlap of actin Z line – how sarcomeres are divided from each other, found in the center of each I band M line – in the center of each A band

Answer 42

Thick = myosin Thin = actin Tropomyosin is wrapped around by tropomyosin Located on the actin molecule itself are two additional proteins, troponin and tropomyosin. These proteins make up only a small portion of the muscle, but they play an important role in the regulation of the contraction process.

Answer 43

Sarcolemma = membrane of the sarcomere Sarcolemma then endomysium The T tubules send the signal of action potential to all microfibrils in an area so unified contraction across multiple myofibrils Sarcoplasmic Renticulum is the internal Ca2= storage

Answer 44

Ach is released at the NMJ and binds to receptor site on the sarcolemma Action potential in muscle membrane Depolarization of T tubules causes Ca2+ channels to open Intracellular concentration of Ca2+ increases Ca2+ binds to troponin on the thin filaments Tropomyosin moves to allow the interaction of actin and myosin Cross-bridge cycling begins and force is generated Ca2+ reaccumulated by the SR and the muscle relaxes

Answer 45

When [Ca2+] is low - Tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding site on actin - Contraction will not occur ``` When [Ca2+] is present -Ca2+ binds troponin complex -Conformational change of tropomyosin allows myosin to bind to actin -Contraction can occur ----- Myosin has a high affinity for actin tropomyosin blocks the spots if not then muscle contraction all the time TnC = binds to calcium TnI = binds to actin TnT = binds to tropomyosin ``` Once calcium bind then it causes a conformational change which moves the tropomyosin out of the actins way Actin and myosin can then bind

Answer 46

1. Release 2. Cocked 3. Cross Bridge 4. Power stroke 5. attached 1. ATP causes the release of myosin binding to actin 2. ATP is hydrolyzed and gets cocked 3. ATP binds 4. ATP – phosphate is released and myosin pulls the actin 5. ADP is release

Answer 47

Motor unit the motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates only what the axon terminals are touching pic has 6 fibers but only 4 are touched by axon terminals Fine motion will have a greater density of motor neurons but each motor neuron will innervate less motor units small motor units = fine motor activities large motor units = gross motor activities

Answer 48

Isometric length stays the same holding a tray with or without glasses = same muscle length the tone changes because of weight but not muscle length Isotonic concentric = bicep curl eccentric = contract but lengthen(trying to lift something but it doesn’t move)

Answer 49

Agonist – the primary mover Synergistic – muscles that assist the agonist group Antagonistic - muscles that oppose the agonist

Answer 50

Structural and histological features determine the type of fibers based on size, diameter, and myoglobin. (Myoglobin is the oxygen binding molecule that facilitates oxygen transport into myocytes.) Type 1 = slow twitch Type 2 = fast twitch ``` Slow twitch endurance activities(long run) myoglobin binds to oxygen and doesn’t let it go keeps oxygen in muscles(oxygen storage) high mitochondria = energy production need ATP to release the muscle contraction fatigue resistance so you can go longer ``` Fast twitch power lifter exert a lot of energy at one time then done

Answer 51

Myoglobin rich Contain large numbers of oxidative enzymes High mitochondrial volume Surrounded by more dense capillary networks Fatigue resistant Slower maximal shortening velocity Highly efficient

Answer 52

``` Type IIX -Small number of mitochondria -Less resistant to fatigue -Rich in glycolytic enzymes Generate the highest power output ``` Type IIA - Intermediate fibers - Mixture of Type I and Type IIX

Answer 53

Hypertrophy increasing muscle size but not the number of muscle number Gender difference if a male and female muscle fiber is exactly the same diameter then they will be exactly as strong can do the same work on average male has a bigger diameter and therefore would be stronger because the fiber size

Answer 54

An increase in muscle fiber diameter due to an increase in myofibril size The amount of force that can be generated by a muscle group is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the muscle. Thus, physiological adaptations as a result of strength training are a result an increase in muscle size, not muscle number (i.e. hyperplasia).

Answer 55

Result from microscopic injury to the muscle fibers Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) appears 24-48 hours post microscopic injury NOT a result of lactic acid accumulation

Answer 56

When absolute strength (the total amount of force applied) is compared in untrained men and women, men are typically stronger. This apparent sex difference in strength is often obsolete when force production in men and women is compared on the basis of the cross-sectional area of the muscle.

Answer 57

aging losing muscle mass know the numbers for slow and rapid phase for muscle decline generally see a shift from Type 2 to Type 1 muscle fibers go from fast twitch to slow twitch Sarcopenia Age related decline in muscle mass begins around age 25 and occurs across the lifetime. The rate of age related muscle loss occurs in two distinct phases - Slow phase – 10% of muscle mass is lost from 25 to 50 years - Rapid phase – An additional 40% of muscle mass is lost from 50 to 80 years - Generally see in a shift in fiber type (heavy loss of fast twitch, increase of slow twitch).

Answer 58

Postmortem muscle stiffness resulting from rigor crossbridges in the absence of adenosine triphosphate

Answer 59

A group of hereditary muscle diseases that weaken skeletal muscle Characterized by defects in muscle proteins or lack of a protein called dystrophin that results in a progressive muscle weakness and a loss of muscle fibers Dystrophin holds the cell membrane up in muscular dystrophy the dystrophin is missing then the cells start to collapse impacts males more because on X chromosome males have only one X so if impacted they are impacted