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Lab Animal > Lab Animal Lecture Midterm > Flashcards

Lab Animal Lecture Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What should always be the primary consideration of the veterinary technician?

A

The animal’s well-being

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2
Q

The automation or mechanistic philosophical view on animals, supported by Rene Descartes, states that animals are ________ that ____ __ ____

A

Machines; feel no pain

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3
Q

The religious or dominion philosophical view on animals says that animals were put here by ___ and are not _______ _____

A

God; morally equal

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4
Q

The utilitarian philosophical view on animals says that they feel pain and that the _______ of use must outweigh the _________

A

Benefit; suffering

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5
Q

SCAW supports the idea that ______ _________ is complementary to ____ _______.
What does SCAW stand for?

A

Humane treatment; good science

Scientists Center for Animal Welfare

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6
Q

UFAW tries to approach animal welfare from the animal’s _____ __ ____, with the goal being to simulate the animal’s ________ and _____.
What does UFAW stand for?

A

Point of view; behavior; needs

Universities Federation of Animal Welfare

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7
Q

What federation holds to the three R’s proposed by Russel and Burch?

A

The Universities Federation of Animal Welfare (UFAW)

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8
Q

What are the three R’s proposed by Russel and Burch?

A

Reduction, replacement, and refinement

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9
Q

What group is classified by the FBI as a terrorist group?

A

Animal Liberation Front (ALF)

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10
Q

What is the twenty-eight hour law of 1873?

A

It stated that livestock being transported to market must be rested and watered at least once ever 28 hours during their journey; it was the first federal law protecting animals against abusive treatment

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11
Q

Who signed into law the AWA?

A

Lyndon B Johnson

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12
Q

Who decides which animals will be regulated under the AWA?

A

The Secretary of Agriculture

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13
Q

What genus of mice, and genus of rats, are excluded under the AWA?

A

Mice: Mus
Rats: Rattus

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14
Q

All research facilities undergo unannounced inspections by personnel from ______________

A

Regulatory Enforcement Animal Care (REAC)

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15
Q

Class A dealers __________________, whereas Class B dealers _______________

A

Raise their own animals; buy and resell animals

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16
Q

What is an IACUC and what does it do?

A

Institutional Animal Care andUse Committee; Oversees regulatory compliance at an animal institution

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17
Q

An IACUC must include at least what 3 roles?

A

1) DVM (preferably ACLAM)
2) Participating scientist
3) Public member

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18
Q

ILAR first published this book in 1963

A

The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

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19
Q

What is the Controlled Substance Act?

A

Governs the use of any drug that people have the potential to abuse

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20
Q

What is the Biologic Hazards Act?

A

Governs the control of human pathogens, such as ebola, rabies, anthrax, etc

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21
Q

What is the Lacey Act?

A

Governs the import, export, and interstate commerce of foreign wildlife; restricts importation of live specimens of harmful species

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22
Q

What is the Endangered Species Act?

A

Provides the conservation of endangered and threatened species of fish, wildlife, and plants

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23
Q

What is the Marine Mammal Protection Act?

A

Requires that all marine mammals, and parts thereof, be imported, taken, possessed, purchased,sold, and/or transported under permit

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24
Q

What is the major goal of a facility’s macroenvironment?

A

To attain a “shell”

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25
Q

Why is it important to maintain the right room temperature for lab animals?

A

A temperature too high or too low can induce stress

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26
Q

What is the ideal temperature range for mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, and guinea pigs?

A

20-26 degrees C (68-79 degrees F)

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27
Q

What is the ideal temperature range for rabbits?

A

16-22 degrees C (61-72 degrees F)

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28
Q

What is the ideal temperature range for cats, dogs, and nonhuman primates?

A

18-29 degrees C (64-84 degrees F)

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29
Q

What is the ideal temperature range for farm animals and poultry?

A

16-27 degrees C (61-81 degrees F)

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30
Q

Rats get ________ at too low humidity

A

Ring tail

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31
Q

What is the ideal humidity of a lab animal facility?

A

30-70% relative humidity; 45-55% is best

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32
Q

How many changes of air per hour are required for a lab animal facility?

A

10 to 15

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33
Q

What are some examples of positive pressure rooms?

A

Surgical suites, barrier rooms, animal rooms

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34
Q

What are some examples of negative pressure rooms?

A

Animal quarantine, biohazard room, infectious animal rooms

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35
Q

Bright lights can damage the retinas of ______ rats and mice

A

Albino

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36
Q

____ can be put in wall blocks to reduce noise.

A

Sand

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37
Q

What are the environmental variables of a lab animal facility?

A

Temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting, and noise

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38
Q

What are the support areas of a lab animal facility?

A
  • Hallways
  • Quarantine
  • Isolation
  • Cage Wash
  • Feed/Bedding
  • Equipment Storage
  • Administrative
  • Procedural
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39
Q

Quarantine is for __________ animals, whereas isolation is for ______ animals

A

Newly arrived; sick

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40
Q

___________ of new animals is done in quarantine

A

Conditioning

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41
Q

What are the animal room requirements of a lab animal facility?

A

Room surfaces, floors, door, and drains

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42
Q

The materials of the walls and ceiling of an animal room should be able to stand ____________ water that is ______

A

High-pressure; heated

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43
Q

What kind of ceiling should be avoided in an animal room?

A

False ceilings

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44
Q

Floors must be properly sloped toward the ______

A

Drains

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45
Q

Doors should be covered with a __________________, whether ______________ or tough _______, to extend their life expectancy

A

Protective device; stainless steel; plastic

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46
Q

T or F: Animal rooms should have hollow doors

A

False

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47
Q

How large should the drains of an animal room be?

A

6 inches in diameter or larger

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48
Q

What is required of a conventional lab animal facility design?

A

No special requirements except controlling the environmental variables, and no provisions for “clean/dirty” traffic flow

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49
Q

Clean/dirty lab setups allow personnel to better maintain _______ traffic flow; they lead to less _____________. There are 2 doors: _____ and _____

A

One-way; contamination; clean; dirty

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50
Q

What are the cage design factors?

A

Comfort, safety, security, sanitation, functionality, accessibility, visibility, regulations

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51
Q

How tall does a lab animal cage have to be?

A

Tall enough for the animal to stand in a “comfortable position” and change positions

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52
Q

How do you calculate the amount of cage space a lab animal needs?

A

1) Measure animal length in inches (from tip of nose to base of tail), then add 6 inches
2) Square it
3) Divide by 144

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53
Q

When selecting the mesh size for the bottom of a cage, what is important to consider?

A

The size of the animal’s feet

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54
Q

What kinds of animals are adept at escaping cages?

A

Non-human primates

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55
Q

What 3 things must cage material be able to withstand?

A

Hot water, abrasive chemicals, and steam

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56
Q

This material tends to be the best material for cages, but it is also the most expensive

A

Stainless steel

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57
Q

Why is functionality important in cage design?

A

The animal may be used for specific research projects, and the cage should be the right kind for that project

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58
Q

Why is accessibility important in cage design?

A

The animal care tech should be able to easily access the animal, and the cage must facilitate nutrition

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59
Q

Cages that don’t allow for easy visibility may lead to what 2 potential problems?

A
  • Important data may be missed

- Potential health problems

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60
Q

Where can you find regulations for animal caging?

A

The Animal Welfare Act and The ILAR Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

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61
Q

What are some drawbacks of using galvanized steel cages?

A

It’s very heavy, can’t withstand modern cleaners and sanitizers, and they sometimes have a zinc coating which can be toxic to animals if they chew on the cage

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62
Q

What are some advantages of using aluminum cages?

A

They are lightweight, sanitize easily, and are resistant to corrosion

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63
Q

Stainless steel is the preferred metal for most lab animals, except rodents. Why don’t you want to use it for rodents?

A

It conducts too much heat away from them, and makes them too cold

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64
Q

How long do stainless steel cages last?

A

At least ten years, if maintained properly

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65
Q

Polycarbonate is the most commonly used plastic for lab animal cages, and can stand up to a number of cleaning and sterilization regimens, but it is not recommended for ___________

A

Autoclaving

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66
Q

Polypropylene (what SCCC uses) has high heat and impact resistance, and is frequently found in use in __________________

A

Breeding colonies

67
Q

Which plastic is clear to light amber in color, can be autoclaved up to 300 degrees F for 30 minutes, and is used for biohazards?

A

Polysulfone

68
Q

Which plastic is very low cost, making it good for disposable cages, and can be machine-washed at temperatures lower than 180 degrees F?

A

Polystyrene

69
Q

Which plastic is least used and highly resistant to chemical?

A

Polyethylene

70
Q

What is the standard cage shape for small rodents just being housed?

A

Shoebox

71
Q

What is a suspended cage used for?

A

Research studies in which the Principal Investigator wants to check body excretions

72
Q

What is a metabolism cage?

A

A specialized cage used for collecting urine and feces of research animals

73
Q

What is a restraining cage?

A

A device used to immobilize the animal for a procedure

74
Q

Which cage is highly utilized for non-human primates?

A

Squeeze cage

75
Q

What are transport cages usually made from?

A

Cardboard

76
Q

What do pens/activity cages allow an animal to do?

A

Exercise and interact with enrichment devices

77
Q

What are isolation chambers?

A

Specialized cages that hold animals to facilitate their use for exposure to test materials that are inhaled

78
Q

What kinds of cages are used for immunocompromised animals?

A

Microinsolators

79
Q

What accessories and equipment might you need (depending on the animal) for a lab animal cage?

A

Cage lid, bowls, J-feeders, buckets, water bottles, automatic watering devices

80
Q

What factors should be considered when selecting bedding for a lab animal cage?

A

Availability, absorbency, toxicity, that it’s non-nutritive, comfort, disposability, and cost

81
Q

How many mice are used annually in lab research?

A

10.5 million

82
Q

How are strains of lab mice identified?

A

The producer or company that breeds them

83
Q

What is the genus and species of the lab mouse?

A

Mus musculus

84
Q

What is the class, order, and family of mice and rats?

A

Class -Mammalia
Order - Rodentia
Family - Muridae

85
Q

Do male or female mice have spleens 50% larger than the other sex?

A

Males

86
Q

What is the dental formula for mice, rats, and gerbils?

A

2 (1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3)

87
Q

Where is the breast tissue of a female mouse located?

A

Extends from the ventral midline over the flanks, thorax, and portions of the neck

88
Q

What is the normal TPR of a mouse?

A

T - 37.1 C (98.8 F)
P - 427-697 bpm
R - 91-216

89
Q

What is the normal food and water consumption of a mouse?

A

Food - 15g/100g/day

Water - 15g/100g/day

90
Q

Do male or female mice fight?

A

Male

91
Q

How much space do mice need in their cages?

A

At least 97 sq cm (15 sq inches) of floor space per adult.

92
Q

What are some uses of laboratory rats?

A

studies involving aging, drug effects and toxicity, dental caries (cavities), vitamin effects, behavior, alcoholism and drug effects, arthritis and infectious disease

93
Q

Why are rats better candidates for anatomical research than mice?

A

Yes because they’re bigger

94
Q

What are the most common strains of rats used in labs?

A

Sprague-Dawley (albino), Wistar (albino), and Long-Evans (hooded)

95
Q

What organ do rats lack?

A

Gall bladder

96
Q

What substance makes a rat’s tears appear red, and where does it come from?

A

Porphyrin from the Harderian gland

97
Q

What is the normal TPR for a rat?

A

T - 37.7°C (99.9°F)
P – 313-4 bpm
R – 71-146

98
Q

What is the normal food and water consumption of a rat?

A

Food - 10g/100g/day

Water - 10mL/100g/day

99
Q

When might female rats fight amongst each other?

A

When they’re post-parturient

100
Q

How much cage space do rats need?

A

40 square inches of floor space per adult, and the cage should be at least 7 inches in height

101
Q

What is the class, order, and family of the gerbil and the hamster?

A

Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae

102
Q

Gerbils have unique physiological traits that make them good models for studying what conditions?

A

Epilepsy, infectious diseases, parasitology, water conservation, and lipid metabolism

103
Q

What species has a distinct ventral abdominal pad composed of large sebaceous glands?

A

Gerbil

104
Q

Are higher PCVs, hemoglobin levels, and total leukocyte counts found in male or female gerbils?

A

Male

105
Q

What species might have some erythrocytes with prominent polychromasia and basophilic stippling?

A

Gerbils

106
Q

Normal TPR for a gerbil?

A

T – 38.2°C (100.8°F)
P - 260-600 bpm
R - 85-160

107
Q

What is the normal food and water consumption of a gerbil?

A

Food: 5g/100g/day
Water: 5mL/100g/day

108
Q

What species is too curious for behavioral studies?

A

Gerbils

109
Q

What two species will usually return to their cage if they escape?

A

Gerbils and rats

110
Q

Do male or female gerbils fight more?

A

Neither; they usually live peacefully in mixed groups of either sex if they’re raised together

111
Q

Young gerbils are rarely cannibalized, except when what 3 things occur?

A
  • Excessive handling of young (by people)
  • Small litters
  • Lack of concealment
112
Q

How often can a gerbil’s bedding be changed?

A

Once a week

113
Q

How often should a mouse’s bedding be changed?

A

At least twice a week

114
Q

How often should a rat’s bedding be changed?

A

Once or twice a week

115
Q

Gerbils can contract Tyzzer’s disease, which is caused by (etiological agent)

A

Clostridium piliforme

116
Q

Where did hamsters originate?

A

The Middle East

117
Q

What kinds of studies are hamsters used for?

A
  • Dental research (caries/cavities)
  • Protozoal infections
  • Histocompatibility
  • Hypothermia and cancer research
  • Infectious diseases
  • Physiological studies
118
Q

What color varieties of hamster are there?

A

Wild/reddish brown, cinnamon, cream, white, piebald

119
Q

What is unique about a hamster’s cheek pouches?

A

They have a high immunologic tolerance to homografts and heterografts

120
Q

Males of which species have prominent flank glands?

A

Hamsters

121
Q

Which species has a forestomach similar to that of ruminants?

A

Hamsters

122
Q

What is the normal TPR of a hamster?

A

T – 37.6 C (99.7 F)
P – 410-470 bpm
R – 38–110

123
Q

What is the normal food and water consumption of a hamster?

A

Food - 15g/100g/day

Water - 10mL/100g/day

124
Q

Which species pseudohibernates?

A

Hamsters

125
Q

Pregnancy in a hamster can be detected by the absence of ___________________ at 5-9 days.

A

Post mating discharge

126
Q

Why shouldn’t you disturb a hamster and her litter for at least 7 days postpartum?

A

She is more likely to cannibalize the whole litter

127
Q

How much cage floor space do hamsters generally need? What is the exception?

A

19 square inches per animal

Breeding females need 150 square inches

128
Q

What disease in humans has been associated with contact to hamsters?

A

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM)

129
Q

What are two conditions hamsters are prone to?

A

Wet tail and dermatitis

130
Q

What is the class, order, and family of the guinea pig?

A

Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cavidae

131
Q

What kinds of studies are guinea pigs used for?

A
  • Human infections
  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Otology
  • Nutrition
  • Gnotobiology
132
Q

What is the preferred strain of guinea pigs for pet and laboratory usage?

A

English

133
Q

Which species has a palatal ostium?

A

Guinea Pigs

134
Q

How many nipples do guinea pigs have?

A

1 pair in the inguinal region

135
Q

What is the dental formula of a guinea pig?

A

2(1/1, 0/0, 1/1, 3/3) = 20

136
Q

The female of which species has a vaginal membrane that closes the orifice except during estrus and parturition?

A

Guinea Pigs

137
Q

Which species has a lower erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume than most other rodents?

A

Guinea Pigs

138
Q

What is the normal TPR for a guinea pig?

A

T: 37.2–39.5 C (99-103.1 F)
P: 240-310 bpm
R: 42-104

139
Q

What is the normal food and water consumption of a guinea pig?

A

Food: 6g/100g/day
Water: 10mL/100g/day

140
Q

Guinea pigs have a male-dominated hierarchy. What behavior do dominant males exhibit to other males?

A

Barbering

141
Q

What is estrus characterized by in the guinea pig?

A

Lordosis reflex

142
Q

How often should a guinea pig cage be changed?

A

Weekly

143
Q

In which species is stampeding and erratic behavior common if the animal gets frightened?

A

Guinea Pigs

144
Q

In which species can antibiotic toxicity occur?

A

Guinea Pigs

145
Q

How many breeds and varieties of rabbits exist?

A

45 breeds, 77 varieties

146
Q

What is the most common breed of rabbit used in lab research?

A

New Zealand White

147
Q

How many pairs of nipples do female rabbits have?

A

4-5

148
Q

What is the dental formula of a rabbit?

A

2(2/1, 0/0, 3/2, 3/3) = 28

149
Q

Females of which species have two cervixes and no uterine body?

A

Rabbit

150
Q

What is the normal TPR of a rabbit?

A

T: 38.5-40 C (101.3-104 F)
P: 180-250 bpm
R: 30-60

151
Q

What is the normal food and water consumption of a rabbit?

A

Food Consumption: 5g/100g/day

Water Consumption: 5-15mL/100g/day

152
Q

What does a Principal Investigator do?

A
  • Develops hypothesis and writes the proposal
  • Plans and coordinates the animal study
  • Reports findings to the public
153
Q

What does a Co-Investigator do?

A
  • Performs the tasks required of the animal study

- Collects and analyzes the data

154
Q

What does a Research Technician do?

A
  • Performs treatments and assists/performs with surgeries

- Assists the Co-Investigator or Principal Investigator with study related procedures

155
Q

What does a Laboratory Animal Technician do?

A
  • Performs animal husbandry
  • Monitors animal environment
  • Oversees animal health
156
Q

What does a Laboratory Veterinarian do?

A
  • Advise investigator on animal model
  • Oversee maintenance of the animal colony health
  • Responsible for regulatory compliance
157
Q

What does ACLAM stand for? When was it established?

A

American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1957

158
Q

The American Association of Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS) consists of individuals with a focus on the __________, ____, and ___ of laboratory animals

A

Production, care, and use

159
Q

The Institute of Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) prepares _____________________ on subjects of important to the animal care and use community

A

Authoritative reports

160
Q

What department oversees the Animal Welfare Act?

A

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

161
Q

This branch of the USDA safeguards resources from exotic invasive pets and diseases, and monitors and manages agricultural pests and diseases existing in the United States

A

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

162
Q

What does the Animal and Plant Healthy Inspection Service (APHIS) do?

A

Safeguards resources from exotic invasive pests and diseases, monitors and manages agriculture pests and diseases existing in the US

163
Q

What does the Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR) do?

A

Promotes public understanding and support of the ethical use of animals in scientific and medical research

164
Q

Which agency provides a unified voice for the scientific community on legislative and regulatory matters affecting laboratory animal research?

A

The National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR)

Lab Animal (12 decks)

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