Lab Animal Lecture Midterm Flashcards
What should always be the primary consideration of the veterinary technician?
The animal’s well-being
The automation or mechanistic philosophical view on animals, supported by Rene Descartes, states that animals are ________ that ____ __ ____
Machines; feel no pain
The religious or dominion philosophical view on animals says that animals were put here by ___ and are not _______ _____
God; morally equal
The utilitarian philosophical view on animals says that they feel pain and that the _______ of use must outweigh the _________
Benefit; suffering
SCAW supports the idea that ______ _________ is complementary to ____ _______.
What does SCAW stand for?
Humane treatment; good science
Scientists Center for Animal Welfare
UFAW tries to approach animal welfare from the animal’s _____ __ ____, with the goal being to simulate the animal’s ________ and _____.
What does UFAW stand for?
Point of view; behavior; needs
Universities Federation of Animal Welfare
What federation holds to the three R’s proposed by Russel and Burch?
The Universities Federation of Animal Welfare (UFAW)
What are the three R’s proposed by Russel and Burch?
Reduction, replacement, and refinement
What group is classified by the FBI as a terrorist group?
Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
What is the twenty-eight hour law of 1873?
It stated that livestock being transported to market must be rested and watered at least once ever 28 hours during their journey; it was the first federal law protecting animals against abusive treatment
Who signed into law the AWA?
Lyndon B Johnson
Who decides which animals will be regulated under the AWA?
The Secretary of Agriculture
What genus of mice, and genus of rats, are excluded under the AWA?
Mice: Mus
Rats: Rattus
All research facilities undergo unannounced inspections by personnel from ______________
Regulatory Enforcement Animal Care (REAC)
Class A dealers __________________, whereas Class B dealers _______________
Raise their own animals; buy and resell animals
What is an IACUC and what does it do?
Institutional Animal Care andUse Committee; Oversees regulatory compliance at an animal institution
An IACUC must include at least what 3 roles?
1) DVM (preferably ACLAM)
2) Participating scientist
3) Public member
ILAR first published this book in 1963
The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
What is the Controlled Substance Act?
Governs the use of any drug that people have the potential to abuse
What is the Biologic Hazards Act?
Governs the control of human pathogens, such as ebola, rabies, anthrax, etc
What is the Lacey Act?
Governs the import, export, and interstate commerce of foreign wildlife; restricts importation of live specimens of harmful species
What is the Endangered Species Act?
Provides the conservation of endangered and threatened species of fish, wildlife, and plants
What is the Marine Mammal Protection Act?
Requires that all marine mammals, and parts thereof, be imported, taken, possessed, purchased,sold, and/or transported under permit
What is the major goal of a facility’s macroenvironment?
To attain a “shell”
Why is it important to maintain the right room temperature for lab animals?
A temperature too high or too low can induce stress
What is the ideal temperature range for mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, and guinea pigs?
20-26 degrees C (68-79 degrees F)
What is the ideal temperature range for rabbits?
16-22 degrees C (61-72 degrees F)
What is the ideal temperature range for cats, dogs, and nonhuman primates?
18-29 degrees C (64-84 degrees F)
What is the ideal temperature range for farm animals and poultry?
16-27 degrees C (61-81 degrees F)
Rats get ________ at too low humidity
Ring tail
What is the ideal humidity of a lab animal facility?
30-70% relative humidity; 45-55% is best
How many changes of air per hour are required for a lab animal facility?
10 to 15
What are some examples of positive pressure rooms?
Surgical suites, barrier rooms, animal rooms
What are some examples of negative pressure rooms?
Animal quarantine, biohazard room, infectious animal rooms
Bright lights can damage the retinas of ______ rats and mice
Albino
____ can be put in wall blocks to reduce noise.
Sand
What are the environmental variables of a lab animal facility?
Temperature, humidity, ventilation, lighting, and noise
What are the support areas of a lab animal facility?
- Hallways
- Quarantine
- Isolation
- Cage Wash
- Feed/Bedding
- Equipment Storage
- Administrative
- Procedural
Quarantine is for __________ animals, whereas isolation is for ______ animals
Newly arrived; sick
___________ of new animals is done in quarantine
Conditioning
What are the animal room requirements of a lab animal facility?
Room surfaces, floors, door, and drains
The materials of the walls and ceiling of an animal room should be able to stand ____________ water that is ______
High-pressure; heated
What kind of ceiling should be avoided in an animal room?
False ceilings
Floors must be properly sloped toward the ______
Drains
Doors should be covered with a __________________, whether ______________ or tough _______, to extend their life expectancy
Protective device; stainless steel; plastic
T or F: Animal rooms should have hollow doors
False
How large should the drains of an animal room be?
6 inches in diameter or larger
What is required of a conventional lab animal facility design?
No special requirements except controlling the environmental variables, and no provisions for “clean/dirty” traffic flow
Clean/dirty lab setups allow personnel to better maintain _______ traffic flow; they lead to less _____________. There are 2 doors: _____ and _____
One-way; contamination; clean; dirty
What are the cage design factors?
Comfort, safety, security, sanitation, functionality, accessibility, visibility, regulations
How tall does a lab animal cage have to be?
Tall enough for the animal to stand in a “comfortable position” and change positions
How do you calculate the amount of cage space a lab animal needs?
1) Measure animal length in inches (from tip of nose to base of tail), then add 6 inches
2) Square it
3) Divide by 144
When selecting the mesh size for the bottom of a cage, what is important to consider?
The size of the animal’s feet
What kinds of animals are adept at escaping cages?
Non-human primates
What 3 things must cage material be able to withstand?
Hot water, abrasive chemicals, and steam
This material tends to be the best material for cages, but it is also the most expensive
Stainless steel
Why is functionality important in cage design?
The animal may be used for specific research projects, and the cage should be the right kind for that project
Why is accessibility important in cage design?
The animal care tech should be able to easily access the animal, and the cage must facilitate nutrition
Cages that don’t allow for easy visibility may lead to what 2 potential problems?
- Important data may be missed
- Potential health problems
Where can you find regulations for animal caging?
The Animal Welfare Act and The ILAR Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
What are some drawbacks of using galvanized steel cages?
It’s very heavy, can’t withstand modern cleaners and sanitizers, and they sometimes have a zinc coating which can be toxic to animals if they chew on the cage
What are some advantages of using aluminum cages?
They are lightweight, sanitize easily, and are resistant to corrosion
Stainless steel is the preferred metal for most lab animals, except rodents. Why don’t you want to use it for rodents?
It conducts too much heat away from them, and makes them too cold
How long do stainless steel cages last?
At least ten years, if maintained properly
Polycarbonate is the most commonly used plastic for lab animal cages, and can stand up to a number of cleaning and sterilization regimens, but it is not recommended for ___________
Autoclaving
Polypropylene (what SCCC uses) has high heat and impact resistance, and is frequently found in use in __________________
Breeding colonies
Which plastic is clear to light amber in color, can be autoclaved up to 300 degrees F for 30 minutes, and is used for biohazards?
Polysulfone
Which plastic is very low cost, making it good for disposable cages, and can be machine-washed at temperatures lower than 180 degrees F?
Polystyrene
Which plastic is least used and highly resistant to chemical?
Polyethylene
What is the standard cage shape for small rodents just being housed?
Shoebox
What is a suspended cage used for?
Research studies in which the Principal Investigator wants to check body excretions
What is a metabolism cage?
A specialized cage used for collecting urine and feces of research animals
What is a restraining cage?
A device used to immobilize the animal for a procedure
Which cage is highly utilized for non-human primates?
Squeeze cage
What are transport cages usually made from?
Cardboard
What do pens/activity cages allow an animal to do?
Exercise and interact with enrichment devices
What are isolation chambers?
Specialized cages that hold animals to facilitate their use for exposure to test materials that are inhaled
What kinds of cages are used for immunocompromised animals?
Microinsolators
What accessories and equipment might you need (depending on the animal) for a lab animal cage?
Cage lid, bowls, J-feeders, buckets, water bottles, automatic watering devices
What factors should be considered when selecting bedding for a lab animal cage?
Availability, absorbency, toxicity, that it’s non-nutritive, comfort, disposability, and cost
How many mice are used annually in lab research?
10.5 million
How are strains of lab mice identified?
The producer or company that breeds them
What is the genus and species of the lab mouse?
Mus musculus
What is the class, order, and family of mice and rats?
Class -Mammalia
Order - Rodentia
Family - Muridae
Do male or female mice have spleens 50% larger than the other sex?
Males
What is the dental formula for mice, rats, and gerbils?
2 (1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3)
Where is the breast tissue of a female mouse located?
Extends from the ventral midline over the flanks, thorax, and portions of the neck
What is the normal TPR of a mouse?
T - 37.1 C (98.8 F)
P - 427-697 bpm
R - 91-216
What is the normal food and water consumption of a mouse?
Food - 15g/100g/day
Water - 15g/100g/day
Do male or female mice fight?
Male
How much space do mice need in their cages?
At least 97 sq cm (15 sq inches) of floor space per adult.
What are some uses of laboratory rats?
studies involving aging, drug effects and toxicity, dental caries (cavities), vitamin effects, behavior, alcoholism and drug effects, arthritis and infectious disease
Why are rats better candidates for anatomical research than mice?
Yes because they’re bigger
What are the most common strains of rats used in labs?
Sprague-Dawley (albino), Wistar (albino), and Long-Evans (hooded)
What organ do rats lack?
Gall bladder
What substance makes a rat’s tears appear red, and where does it come from?
Porphyrin from the Harderian gland
What is the normal TPR for a rat?
T - 37.7°C (99.9°F)
P – 313-4 bpm
R – 71-146
What is the normal food and water consumption of a rat?
Food - 10g/100g/day
Water - 10mL/100g/day
When might female rats fight amongst each other?
When they’re post-parturient
How much cage space do rats need?
40 square inches of floor space per adult, and the cage should be at least 7 inches in height
What is the class, order, and family of the gerbil and the hamster?
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
Gerbils have unique physiological traits that make them good models for studying what conditions?
Epilepsy, infectious diseases, parasitology, water conservation, and lipid metabolism
What species has a distinct ventral abdominal pad composed of large sebaceous glands?
Gerbil
Are higher PCVs, hemoglobin levels, and total leukocyte counts found in male or female gerbils?
Male
What species might have some erythrocytes with prominent polychromasia and basophilic stippling?
Gerbils
Normal TPR for a gerbil?
T – 38.2°C (100.8°F)
P - 260-600 bpm
R - 85-160
What is the normal food and water consumption of a gerbil?
Food: 5g/100g/day
Water: 5mL/100g/day
What species is too curious for behavioral studies?
Gerbils
What two species will usually return to their cage if they escape?
Gerbils and rats
Do male or female gerbils fight more?
Neither; they usually live peacefully in mixed groups of either sex if they’re raised together
Young gerbils are rarely cannibalized, except when what 3 things occur?
- Excessive handling of young (by people)
- Small litters
- Lack of concealment
How often can a gerbil’s bedding be changed?
Once a week
How often should a mouse’s bedding be changed?
At least twice a week
How often should a rat’s bedding be changed?
Once or twice a week
Gerbils can contract Tyzzer’s disease, which is caused by (etiological agent)
Clostridium piliforme
Where did hamsters originate?
The Middle East
What kinds of studies are hamsters used for?
- Dental research (caries/cavities)
- Protozoal infections
- Histocompatibility
- Hypothermia and cancer research
- Infectious diseases
- Physiological studies
What color varieties of hamster are there?
Wild/reddish brown, cinnamon, cream, white, piebald
What is unique about a hamster’s cheek pouches?
They have a high immunologic tolerance to homografts and heterografts
Males of which species have prominent flank glands?
Hamsters
Which species has a forestomach similar to that of ruminants?
Hamsters
What is the normal TPR of a hamster?
T – 37.6 C (99.7 F)
P – 410-470 bpm
R – 38–110
What is the normal food and water consumption of a hamster?
Food - 15g/100g/day
Water - 10mL/100g/day
Which species pseudohibernates?
Hamsters
Pregnancy in a hamster can be detected by the absence of ___________________ at 5-9 days.
Post mating discharge
Why shouldn’t you disturb a hamster and her litter for at least 7 days postpartum?
She is more likely to cannibalize the whole litter
How much cage floor space do hamsters generally need? What is the exception?
19 square inches per animal
Breeding females need 150 square inches
What disease in humans has been associated with contact to hamsters?
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM)
What are two conditions hamsters are prone to?
Wet tail and dermatitis
What is the class, order, and family of the guinea pig?
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cavidae
What kinds of studies are guinea pigs used for?
- Human infections
- Immunology
- Genetics
- Otology
- Nutrition
- Gnotobiology
What is the preferred strain of guinea pigs for pet and laboratory usage?
English
Which species has a palatal ostium?
Guinea Pigs
How many nipples do guinea pigs have?
1 pair in the inguinal region
What is the dental formula of a guinea pig?
2(1/1, 0/0, 1/1, 3/3) = 20
The female of which species has a vaginal membrane that closes the orifice except during estrus and parturition?
Guinea Pigs
Which species has a lower erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume than most other rodents?
Guinea Pigs
What is the normal TPR for a guinea pig?
T: 37.2–39.5 C (99-103.1 F)
P: 240-310 bpm
R: 42-104
What is the normal food and water consumption of a guinea pig?
Food: 6g/100g/day
Water: 10mL/100g/day
Guinea pigs have a male-dominated hierarchy. What behavior do dominant males exhibit to other males?
Barbering
What is estrus characterized by in the guinea pig?
Lordosis reflex
How often should a guinea pig cage be changed?
Weekly
In which species is stampeding and erratic behavior common if the animal gets frightened?
Guinea Pigs
In which species can antibiotic toxicity occur?
Guinea Pigs
How many breeds and varieties of rabbits exist?
45 breeds, 77 varieties
What is the most common breed of rabbit used in lab research?
New Zealand White
How many pairs of nipples do female rabbits have?
4-5
What is the dental formula of a rabbit?
2(2/1, 0/0, 3/2, 3/3) = 28
Females of which species have two cervixes and no uterine body?
Rabbit
What is the normal TPR of a rabbit?
T: 38.5-40 C (101.3-104 F)
P: 180-250 bpm
R: 30-60
What is the normal food and water consumption of a rabbit?
Food Consumption: 5g/100g/day
Water Consumption: 5-15mL/100g/day
What does a Principal Investigator do?
- Develops hypothesis and writes the proposal
- Plans and coordinates the animal study
- Reports findings to the public
What does a Co-Investigator do?
- Performs the tasks required of the animal study
- Collects and analyzes the data
What does a Research Technician do?
- Performs treatments and assists/performs with surgeries
- Assists the Co-Investigator or Principal Investigator with study related procedures
What does a Laboratory Animal Technician do?
- Performs animal husbandry
- Monitors animal environment
- Oversees animal health
What does a Laboratory Veterinarian do?
- Advise investigator on animal model
- Oversee maintenance of the animal colony health
- Responsible for regulatory compliance
What does ACLAM stand for? When was it established?
American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, 1957
The American Association of Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS) consists of individuals with a focus on the __________, ____, and ___ of laboratory animals
Production, care, and use
The Institute of Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) prepares _____________________ on subjects of important to the animal care and use community
Authoritative reports
What department oversees the Animal Welfare Act?
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
This branch of the USDA safeguards resources from exotic invasive pets and diseases, and monitors and manages agricultural pests and diseases existing in the United States
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
What does the Animal and Plant Healthy Inspection Service (APHIS) do?
Safeguards resources from exotic invasive pests and diseases, monitors and manages agriculture pests and diseases existing in the US
What does the Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR) do?
Promotes public understanding and support of the ethical use of animals in scientific and medical research
Which agency provides a unified voice for the scientific community on legislative and regulatory matters affecting laboratory animal research?
The National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR)
