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Lab Animal > Breeding and Reproduction > Flashcards

Breeding and Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is genetics?

A

The science of heredity

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2
Q

Who determined that traits are passed on to descendants unchanged?

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

What does basic genetics involve?

A

Cell division and the law of independent assortment

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4
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division that results in 2 cells that each have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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5
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Division of cell material that results in cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

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6
Q

What is the Principle of Independent Assortment?

A

Different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently of each other

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7
Q

What affects phenotypes and genotypes?

A

Chromosomes that contain genes and alleles

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8
Q

Does a single gene affect just one trait?

A

Yes but it can also affect more than one trait

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9
Q

Do several alleles affect several traits?

A

Usually only affect one trait

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10
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Physical characteristics of an animal, including appearance and physiological composition

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11
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an individual for a particular train or group of traits

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12
Q

What is a dominant trait?

A

An allele or gene variation, that makes the presence of a recessive allele in the phenotype

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13
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

An allele that is masked in the phenotype by the presence of a dominant allele

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14
Q

What is homozygous genotype?

A

A genotype consisting of 2 identical alleles of a gene for a particular trait or characteristic

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15
Q

What is an example of a homozygous individual?

A

Homozygous dominant (AA) or homozygous recessive (aa)

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16
Q

What is a heterozygous genotype?

A

A genotype that consists of 2 different alleles for a gene for a particular trait or characteristic (Aa)

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17
Q

How will the phenotype be with a heterozygous genotype?

A

It will still be the same

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18
Q

What is a mutation?

A

An alteration of genetic material such that a new variation is produced

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19
Q

What is the only mechanism of mutation that can produce new alleles of a gene?

A

Mutation

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20
Q

What are some ways a mutation can be caused?

A

Chemical, biological, environmental and viral means

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21
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The discharge of an unfertilized egg from the ovary

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22
Q

What is spontaneous ovulation?

A

Ovulation which occurs independently whether or not the animal has mated

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23
Q

What is induced ovulation?

A
  • Vulvovaginal stimulation is required for the hormones to be released that cause ovulation to take place
  • Rabbits, cats, ferrets
24
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A cell that is formed when a sperm and egg combine their chromosomes at conception

25
Q

What is the period in a female mammal from the beginning of one heat period to the next?

A

The estrous cycle

26
Q

What is monestrous?

A
  • Animals that have only one breeding season per year

- Basenji, bears, dingos, foxes, wolves

27
Q

What is polyestrous?

A
  • An animal that has repeated estrous cycles throughout the year
  • Dogs, cats, rabbits, mice
28
Q

What is the gestation period?

A

The period of time between fertilization (aka creation of the zygote) and birth; or the length of pregnancy

29
Q

What is parturition?

A

Giving birth at the end of the gestation period

30
Q

What is post-partum estrus?

A

Estrus following parturition, some females can conceive within hours of parturition without having to cycle through their whole cycle again

31
Q

What factors are determined by species in regards to reproduction?

A
  • Location where and the matter in which the gametes are fertilized (mammals=uterus, birds=eggs)
  • Development site of the zygote
  • Gestation period
  • Ovulation
32
Q

What is a breeding scheme?

A

Several different methods that can be used to breed an animal

33
Q

What foes a breeding scheme typically depend on?

A
  • The animal involved
  • Genetic makeup required
  • Requirements of research protocol
34
Q

What is outbreeding, aka random breeding?

A

Animals that are unrelated that are bred; popular for rodent colonies

35
Q

What are some advantages to outbreeding?

A
  • Maximum genetic diversity
  • It produces the most vigorous offspring
  • Often results in larger litters
36
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

Produces genetically similar animals by breeding 20 generations successively which results in a colony called a strain

37
Q

What are some advantages to inbreeding?

A
  • Produces animals that are homozygous at approximately 99%
  • Eliminates hereditary differences for experimental purposes
  • Also eliminates the rejection of tissue shared between animals
38
Q

What is hybrid breeding?

A

Parents from too different inbred strain animals

39
Q

What is hybrid breeding used for?

A

To maximize the characteristics of each of the parents, therefor making offspring genetically and phenotypically identical (similar to clones)

40
Q

What type of breeding would be used to transfer a mutation to another strain?

A

Hybrid breeding

41
Q

What is line breeding?

A

Mating of an offspring to a common ancestor

42
Q

What is line breeding typically used for?

A

To isolate an accent a particular desirable trait

43
Q

Which system do gerbils typically work best for?

A

Monogamous

44
Q

What are some advantages of a monogamous breeding mating system?

A
  • Easiest at establishing an inbred system
  • Easiest for record keeping
  • Maximizes the use of post partum estrus
45
Q

What are some other names for a polygamous system?

A

Harem or colony system

46
Q

Which system do mice adapt best to?

A

Polygamous

47
Q

What are some advantages to a polygamous system?

A
  • Largest number of offspring with the least number of breeder animals
  • Most economical method
  • Maximizes use of the post partum estrus
48
Q

What are some disadvantages to a polygamous system?

A
  • Difficulty keeping accurate records

- Overcrowding

49
Q

What animals are used for a separately housed system?

A

Hamsters and rabbits

50
Q

What are some advantages of a separately housed system?

A
  • Reduces the number of animals needed
  • Promotes accurate records keeping
  • Maintains life of non-compatible animals
51
Q

What are some disadvantages of a separately housed system?

A

High labor costs

52
Q

What is intensive breeding?

A

Leaving the females with the male which results in the maximum number of animals

53
Q

What are some cons to intensive breeding?

A
  • It exhausts the female’s metabolic reserves

- May contribute to breeding/parturition problems like dystocia

54
Q

What is non-intensive breeding?

A

Allows the female to recover completely before her next pregnancy and parturition

55
Q

What are some necessities for caging with expectant mothers?

A

The female must be able to build a nest, deliver and nurse the young, and allow for their growth

Lab Animal (12 decks)

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