Lab 9

Question 1

What is Genetic Variation?

Answer 1

The diversity in gene frequencies within a population, often resulting from mutations.

Question 2

What are genetic mutations?

Answer 2

Changes to the genetic code as a result of random errors during genome replication

Question 3

What are the types of mutations?

Answer 3

Includes substitutions, insertions, and deletions, which can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

Question 4

What are mutation effects?

Answer 4

The impact of mutations on an organism’s phenotype and fitness, with potential to be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

Question 5

What is the darwinian evolutionary mechanism?

Answer 5

Variation, inheritance, natural selection, and time
Emphasizes genetic mutations as a source of variation.

Question 6

What are Mutation Rate Effects?

Answer 6

The influence of different mutation rates on genetic sequences and phenotypes, analyzed using statistical methods.

Question 7

What is a T-Test?

Answer 7

A statistical test used to compare the means of abnormalities produced by different mutation rates to determine statistical significance.

Question 8

What is a Chi-Square Test?

Answer 8

A statistical test used to compare observed and expected genotype frequencies, testing the null hypothesis of no difference.

Question 9

What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

Answer 9

A principle used to study genetic diversity and evolution at the population level, assessing allele and genotype frequencies to determine evolutionary changes.

Question 10

Is the Avidian genome more similar to prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Answer 10

Prokaryotes because of circular DNA

Question 11

Will the specific mutations in each location always be the same?

Answer 11

No. It’s random mutation

Question 12

Will the number of mutations for the entire genome always be the same?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

What were we observing when investigating the effects of mutation rate?

Answer 13

The relationship between mutation rate and the effects on genomes of individual organisms

The variation that arises when replicating with different mutation rates

Question 14

What is a two-tailed t-test?

Answer 14

A method in which the distribution is two-sided. Tests whether a sample is greater than or less than a certain range of values

Question 15

What are the 5 assumptions we make for a population in equilibrium?

Answer 15

1. Natural selection
2. Random mating
3. No mutation
4. No gene flow
5. Large population

Question 16

What equation is used to determine allele frequencies?

Answer 16

1 = p + q

p= proportion of dominant alleles
q=proportion of recessive alleles

Question 17

What equation is used to determine genotype frequencies?

Answer 17

1= p^2 + 2pq + q^2

p^2 = proportion of homozygous dominant
2pq = proportion of heterozygous
q^2 = proportion of homozygous recessive

Question 18

What is the formula for the Chi-test?

Answer 18

x^2 = sum (d^2/e)

d= deviation of observed from expected
e = expected value

Question 19

The alpha value in this class is always?

Answer 19

0.05

Question 20

The degrees of freedom (df) are equal to _______ minus _________.

Answer 20

Number of classes (types)

One