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Biology lab > Lab 6 > Flashcards

Lab 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

A

The cell cycle is divided into interphase (G1, S, G2) and the mitotic phase.

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2
Q

What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

Checkpoints regulate the progression through the cycle to ensure proper division.

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3
Q

What are cyclins and CDKs?

A

Interactions between cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinases are crucial for cell cycle control.

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4
Q

What occurs during the G1 phase?

A

Cell growth
Restricting cells from passing unless they have all the requirements for division

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5
Q

What happens during the S phase?

A

DNA replication occurs.

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6
Q

What is the focus of the G2 phase?

A

Further growth and preparation for mitosis.
Requires a certain number of proteins that will allow for the nuclear envelop to fragment and centrosomes to develop microtubules

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7
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

A

Used to amplify specific DNA regions using Taq polymerase.

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9
Q

What are the steps involved in PCR?

A

Denaturation, annealing, and extension.

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10
Q

What is an application of PCR?

A

Testing for transgenes in genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

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11
Q

What is microscopy used for in cell biology?

A

Used to identify and count cells in different mitotic stages.

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12
Q

What is DNA extraction?

A

The process of isolating DNA from cells, a preliminary step in PCR.

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13
Q

What is genetic modification?

A

The process of altering the genetic material of an organism, often involving the introduction of foreign DNA.

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14
Q

What are transgenes?

A

Genes that have been transferred from one organism to another, often detected using PCR.

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15
Q

What is the CaMV35S promoter?

A

A commonly used regulatory sequence in genetically modified organisms, detectable by PCR.

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16
Q

What is Taq polymerase?

A

A heat-stable enzyme used in PCR to synthesize DNA.

17
Q

What is denaturation in PCR?

A

The first step in PCR where the double-stranded DNA is heated to separate into single strands.

18
Q

What occurs during the annealing step of PCR?

A

The second step in PCR where primers bind to the single-stranded DNA.

19
Q

What happens during the extension step of PCR?

A

The third step in PCR where Taq polymerase extends the primers to form a new DNA strand.

20
Q

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

A

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.

21
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand.

22
Q

What is the anti-parallel structure of DNA?

A

The orientation of the two strands of DNA in opposite directions, crucial for replication.

23
Q

Why do cells divide?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Repair
  3. Reproduction
24
Q

What is the cell cycle dependent on?

A
  1. The concentrations of cyclin in the cell
  2. How much cyclin is bound to CDK
25
Q

What do promoter and terminator sequences do?

A

They influence when and where a gene will be expressed

Promoter: Helps start the transcription of the gene
Terminator: Stops transcription

26
Q

In a PCR; what forces the two strands apart vs what would force the strands apart in DNA replication?

A

In a PCR; temperature forces the strands apart
In DNA replication; helicase would force the two strands apart

27
Q

What are the features that identify which stage of mitotic division a cell is in?

A

Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible, and the nucleolus disappears.

Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell at the metaphase plate, and each chromosome is attached to microtubules.

Anaphase: The sister chromatids separate, and the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.

Telophase: Two nuclei form, the nuclear envelope reappears, and DNA de-condenses.

Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, and the cell splits into two separate cells.

28
Q

What was the researcher trying to discover in the “Identifying Mitotic Stages” lab exersise?

A

If reagent X had any effect on the rate of cell division in cells grown in tissue culture

Biology lab (10 decks)

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