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Biology lab > Lab 8 > Flashcards

Lab 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Sickle Cell Disease?

A

A genetic disorder caused by a structural change in the hemoglobin, leading to distorted red blood cells.

Can cause anemia, infections, and episodes of pain due to blockages of blood vessels

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2
Q

What is the hemoglobin and what is it responsible for?

A

A protein in red blood cells composed of two alpha-globin and two beta-globin subunits, responsible for oxygen transport.

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3
Q

What is an Amino Acid Substitution?

A

A change in the protein sequence where one amino acid is replaced by another, affecting protein function.

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4
Q

What are Proteins?

A

A long chain of amino acids that fold into specific three-dimensional structures, held together by several interactions between the amino acids and the surrounding molecules in which the protein is found

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5
Q

What is a Tetramer?

A

Made up of 4 smaller protein subunits/polypeptide chains that come together to make the final protein
ex. hemoglobin

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6
Q

What is a Restriction Digest?

A

A process using enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences, aiding in genetic testing.

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7
Q

What is Genetic Testing?

A

The analysis of DNA to identify genetic disorders or traits.

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8
Q

What is Agarose Gel?

A

A medium used in gel electrophoresis for separating DNA fragments.

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9
Q

What is a DNA Ladder?

A

A set of known DNA fragment sizes used as a reference in gel electrophoresis.

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10
Q

What is a Standard Curve?

A

A graph used to estimate the size of DNA fragments based on their migration in gel electrophoresis.

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11
Q

What are Genetic Inheritance Patterns?

A

The ways in which genetic traits are passed from parents to offspring.

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12
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water repelling

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13
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Attracted to water

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14
Q

How does sickle cell arise?

A

From the substitution of just one amino acid in the beta-globin subunits of the hemoglobin

A hydrophilic amino acid (glutamic acid) is replaced by a hydrophobic amino acid (valine) in the 6th position of the beta-globin polypeptide chain

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15
Q

Does the change of valine for glutamic acid change the structure of the molecule?

A

No

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16
Q

When oxygen is present, the hemoglobin takes a shape that causes the hydrophobic valine to be ______ from the water surroundings

A

Shielded

17
Q

When oxygen is absent, the protein changes shape, ________ the valine to the cytoplasm

A

Exposing

18
Q

In a single hemoglobin molecule, a single hydrophobic valine being in contact with water would or would not be significant?

A

Would not

19
Q

The hydrophobicity of the valine means that when two valines from different hemoglobins come in contact, they _______?

A

Stick to each other

20
Q

Individuals with sickle cell disease will have _______ on each hemoglobin protein

The proteins will start to form long chains inside the red blood cell which leads to _______.

A

Two hydrophobic valines

The distortion of the cell, which gives their “sickle” shape

21
Q

Sickled cells may be recognized as _______ and ___________ which lowers the average lifespan of red blood cells and the overall red blood cell count, making the person ________.

A

Abnormal

Removed from the body

Anemic

22
Q

Sickled cells tend to be less _____ than regular blood cells. This causes cells to become stuck in the _______.

A

Elastic
Capillaries

23
Q

Individuals with sickle cell disease often have__________. This can lead to ______.

A

Reduced spleen function

Infections

24
Q

Is sickle cell dominant or recessive?

A

Recessive

25
Q

Sickle cell is most often found in people from ________?

A

Africa

26
Q

In the sickle cell allele, the ____ in the sequence is changed to _______.

A

Adenine (A)

Thymine (T)

27
Q

Why is a DNA ladder needed when running a gel electrophoresis?

A

To use as a template

28
Q

What are the X and Y axises when creating a standard curve?

A

X= distance traveled by each band
Y= size of the band in the DNA ladder

29
Q

Why do people use a logarithmic scale?

A

It is more precise than a curve

Biology lab (10 decks)

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