Lab 8 - Early Chordates & Fishes

Question 1

What are the two subphylum of early chordates?

Answer 1

Urochordata and Cephalochordata

Question 2

What are the two superclasses of fish?

Answer 2

Agnatha and gnathostomata

Question 3

What subphylum are fish in?

Answer 3

Vertebrata

Question 4

What are the fish classes that are extinct?

Answer 4

Ostracoderms and placoderms

Question 5

What are the classes of agnatha?

Answer 5

Myxini and petromyzontida

Question 6

What are the classes of gnathostomata?

Answer 6

Chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, and sacropterygii

Question 7

What are the characteristics of the superclass agnatha?

Answer 7

Jawless fish

Question 8

Do gnathostomata have jaws or nah?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

What kind of fish are chondrichthyes and give examples.

Answer 9

Cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates, rays)

Question 10

What kind of fish are actinopterygii and give some examples.

Answer 10

Bony fishes (most other fishes, not sharks/skates/rays)

Question 11

What kind of fish are sacropterygii and give some examples.

Answer 11

Lobe-finned fishes (sister to all tetrapods)

Question 12

What are fish?

Answer 12

A polyphyletic group of mostly aquatic organism

Question 13

Fish evolution - what supporting structures did fish evolve?

Answer 13

Paired appendages

Question 14

What level of organization do fish have?

Answer 14

organ-system level

Question 15

How many germ layers do fish have?

Answer 15

3 - triploblastic

Question 16

Are fish deuterostomes or protostomes?

Answer 16

deuterostomes

Question 17

What kind of symmetry do fish have?

Answer 17

bilateral

Question 18

What kind of body cavity do fish have?

Answer 18

Coelom

Question 19

What kind of support system do fish have?

Answer 19

living endoskeleton - skeleton grows with them

Question 20

What are shark and ray skeletons made of?

Answer 20

cartilage

Question 21

What type of fish have a bony skeleton?

Answer 21

Ray-finned fish

Question 22

What upgrade do fish have for respiration?

Answer 22

Counter-current gas exchange

Question 23

How do fish reproduce?

Answer 23

Sexually, although some reproduce asexually

Question 24

What are the three reproductive strategies?

Answer 24

Oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity

Question 25

What is oviparity?

Answer 25

The eggs are laid

Question 26

What is ovoviviparity?

Answer 26

internal fertilization , embryo receives nutrients from egg, born live

Question 27

What is viviparity?

Answer 27

internal fertilization, embryo receives nutrients directly from the mother, born live

Question 28

What kind of egg do fish produce?

Answer 28

Anamniotic egg

Question 29

What is an anamniotic egg?

Answer 29

Laid in water, permeable, gas exchange

Question 30

What kind of sensory structures do fish have?

Answer 30

Central nervous system, otoliths, lateral lines, eyes, olfactory system (nares)

Question 31

What do otoliths do for fish?

Answer 31

For hearing

Question 32

What do lateral lines do for fish?

Answer 32

Detect vibrations in the water

Question 33

What kind of digestion do fish have?

Answer 33

Complete

Question 34

What help fish with locomotion?

Answer 34

Paired fins, specialized organs for buoyancy fins, specialized organs for buoyancy

Question 35

What do fish use paired fins for?

Answer 35

Stability and movement

Question 36

What do fish use swim bladders for?

Answer 36

Buoyancy

Question 37

How do sharks regulate buoyancy?

Answer 37

with their livers

Question 38

What do fish excrete?

Answer 38

ammonia (needs to be diluted with lots of water - highly toxic but doesn't require a lot to energy to produce)

Question 39

What organisms are found in the subphylum cephalochordata?

Answer 39

Lancelets

Question 40

How do cephalochordata respire?

Answer 40

Gills

Question 41

What is apart of a cephalochordata's nervous system?

Answer 41

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Question 42

What kind of support does a cephalochordata have?

Answer 42

endoskeleton

Question 43

What kind of support does a cephalochordata have?

Answer 43

endoskeleton

Question 44

How do cephalochordata reproduce?

Answer 44

external fertilization - dioecious

Question 45

How do cephalochordata get food?

Answer 45

Filter feeding

Question 46

What kind of heart does a cephalochordata have?

Answer 46

Ventral heart

Question 47

Do cephalochordata have all five chordata characteristics?

Answer 47

yes

Question 48

What kind of organisms are found in subphylum urochordata?

Answer 48

Tunicates

Question 49

Are urochordata motile or sessile?

Answer 49

sessile

Question 50

What is apart of a urochordata's nervous system?

Answer 50

dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Question 51

What kind of support does a urochordata have?

Answer 51

nonliving 'skeleton' that contains cellulose

Question 52

How do urochordata reproduce?

Answer 52

internal and external fertilization, dioecious

Question 53

How do urochordata digest?

Answer 53

filter feeding

Question 54

What kind of circulation do urochordata have?

Answer 54

open

Question 55

How do urochordata respire?

Answer 55

gills

Question 56

Do urochordata have all five chordate characteristics?

Answer 56

larva do, adults lack a tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and notochord

Question 57

What are the five characteristics of chordates?

Answer 57

Dorsal, hollow nerve cord; post-anal tail; notochord; pharyngeal gill slits; endostyle

Question 58

What are some structures unique to fish that allow them to live in aquatic environments/

Answer 58

gills w/ counter-current exchange; swim bladders; protrusible jaws; a fine-tuned excretory system

Question 59

How does counter-current exchange work?

Answer 59

blood flow goes against the H2O flow