Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A ( Trunk ) > Lab 7 > Flashcards

Lab 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Compare the cranial and spinal nerves in terms of the amount of nerves, and whether they carry sensory/ motor/ both.

A

Cranial nerves - 12 pairs, may be sensory/ motor/ mixed.

Spinal nerves - 31 pairs, all are mixed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Through which foramina do spinal nerves emerge?

Name and number the subgroupings of the spinal nerves, including where it is they emerge from.

A

Spinal nerves emerge from the intevertebral foramina; which is formed by the inferior and superior notches of the vertebrae above/ below.

Cervical - 8 pairs, emerge above respective vertebrae (8th is above T1).
Thoracic - 12 pairs, emerge below respective vertebrae.
Lumbar - 5 pairs, below respective vertebrae.
Sacral - 5 pairs, from anterior sacral foramina (VPR) or posterior sacral foramina (DPR).
Coccygeal - 1 pair, from sacral hiatus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

For the following nerve plexus, state the contributing spinal nerve levels and the general area which is innervated:
Brachial plexus.

A

Brachial plexus (C5 - T1) innervates the upper limbs and pectoral girdle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

For the following nerve plexus, state the contributing spinal nerve levels and the general area which is innervated:
Cervical plexus.

A

Cervical plexus (C1 - C4) innervates the neck.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

For the following nerve plexus, state the contributing spinal nerve levels and the general area which is innervated:
Lumbosacral plexus.

A

Lumbosacral plexus (L1 - S4) innervates the pelvic diaphragm and lower limbs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Specifically, muscles that work on the body wall will be innervated by which group of segmented nerves?

A

Muscles working on the body wall (thorax) are innervated mostly by the VPR of spinal nerves T1 - T11, which includes the intercostal nerves (T1 - T11).

This does NOT include the subcostal nerve (T12), as that innervates the respiratory diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Specifically, what innervates the respiratory (thoracic) diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve (VPR of C3 - C5).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Specifically, what artery supplies the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Branches of the inferior gluteal artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Specifically, what innervates the perineum? What else does this nerve innervate?

A

The pudendal nerve (VPR S2 - S4). The pudendal nerve also innervates the external genitalia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The white and gray rami communicantes are part of the SNS. Are these concerned with sensory, motor or mixed information?

A

Mixed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do the following spaces contain:

a. ) Epidural space
b. ) Subarachnoid space

A

a. ) Epidural space - lymphatics, spinal nerve roots, loose CT, small arteries/ veins.
b. ) Subarachnoid space - CSF.

(note: the epidural space is a potential space in the brain, but an anatomical space within the spinal cord).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain how the innervation from dorsal and ventral rami link to epaxial and hypaxial muscle groups.

A

Cells of the dorsal medial lip proliferate (differentiate; specialise) into a group of myoblasts known as the EPIMERE. The epimere then migrates dorsally, dragging with it the developing spinal nerves, the DORSAL PRIMARY RAMUS. Thus, muscles which develop from the epimere (known as EPAXIAL muscles) are innervated by the DPR, except for the case of embryological immigrants.

Cells of the ventral lateral lip proliferate into a group of myoblasts known as the HYPOMERE. The hypomere migrates ventrally, dragging with it the VPR. Thus cells which develop from the hypomere (known as HYPAXIAL muscles) are innnervated by the VPR, except in the case of embryological immigrants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

State the embryological immigrants which move from a hypaxial, to an epaxial position.

A
  • serratus posterior (superior & inferior)
  • levator ani (?)
  • (?)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

State the embryological immigrants which move from a epaxial, to an hypaxial position.

A

-levator costorum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which of the two (dorsal primary rami or ventral primary rami) remain segmented throughout all spinal nerves?

A

The DPR is segmented through all spinal nerves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Are the somatic plexuses made from dorsal, ventral or both?

A

Somatic plexuses are made from both dorsal and ventral plexuses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List several muscles which the DPR supplies.

A

“True back muscles”

  • Spenius capitis
  • Spenius cervicis
  • Suboccipitals
  • Transversospinales (rotatores/ multifidus/ semi-spinalis)
  • Erector spinae (iliocostalis/ longissimus/ spinalis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

From where do the thoracoabdominal nerves originate, and what do these nerves supply?

A

The 7th-11th intercostal nerves emerge out anterolaterally, and travel inferiorly (toward the abdomen) to become the thoracoabdominal nerves.

They supply muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, such as:

  • IAO
  • EAO
  • rectus abdominus
  • transversus abdominus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The L and R phrenic nerves are found on the anerior surface of which muscle?

A

Scalenus anterior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are the phrenic nerves somatic or autonomic?

A

Phrenic nerves are BOTH autonomic and somatic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the position of the following blood vessel:

Left superior intercostal artery.

A

Medial to the scalenus anterior muscle (left side). From there the superior intercostal artery arches posteriorly and descends towards the second intercostal space, passing over the necks of ribs 1 and 2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the position of the following blood vessel:

Right superior intercostal artery.

A

Posterior to scalenus anterior muscle (right side). From there the superior intercostal artery arches posteriorly and descends towards the second intercostal space, passing over the necks of ribs 1 and 2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

From which vessel does the internal thoracic artery arise from?

A

The subclavian artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which vessel does the internal thoracic vein drain into?

A

The brachiocephalic vein.

25
Q

Describe the approximate position of the following blood vessel:
Superior epigastric artery.

A

Anteromedial abdominal wall, found more superiorly (hence the name, dumbass).

26
Q

Describe the approximate position of the following blood vessel:
Musculophrenic artery.

A

The musculophrenic artery is found on the anterolateral abdominal wall; it perforates the diaphragm.

This artery originates from the internal thoracic artery, then directs itself downward obliquely and laterally, behind the cartilages of ribs 8-10.

27
Q

What artery supplies the upper anterior abdominal wall? How about the lower?

A

The superior and inferior epigastric arteries respectively.

28
Q

Detail what general area(s) of the abdomen is supplied by the following vessel:
Superior epigastric artery.

A

Upper, anteromedial abdominal wall.

29
Q

Detail what general area(s) of the abdomen is supplied by the following vessel:
Inferior epigastric artery.

A

Lower, anteromedial abdominal wall.

30
Q

Detail what general area(s) of the abdomen is supplied by the following vessel:
Musculophrenic artery.

A

Anterolateral abdominal wall.

31
Q

Detail what general area(s) of the abdomen is supplied by the following vessel:
Lumbar arteries.

A

Posterior abdominal wall.

32
Q

Which main vessel do the lumbar arteries arise from?

A

Abdominal aorta.

33
Q

Which vessel do the inferior epigastric arteries arise from?

A

External iliac arteries.

34
Q

What vessel do the lumbar veins drain into?

A

Inferior vena cava.

35
Q

Which vessels do the inferior epigastric veins drain into?

A

External iliac vein.

36
Q

Which vessels do the superior epigastric and musculophrenic veins drain into?

A

Internal thoracic vein.

37
Q

At what vertebral level does the azygous vein drain into the superior vena cava?

A

T4/ T5 (sternal angle).

38
Q

Superior intercostal veins only exist on one side of the body; what is it, left or right?

A

Left.

39
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifuricate, and what does it bifuricate into?

A

The (descending) abdominal aorta bifuricates into the internal and external iliac arteries at L4.

40
Q

Which artery supplies the pelvic floor musculature (such as the coccygeus, piriformis, levator ani group)? What foramen must it travel through?

A

The inferior gluteal artery travels through the greater sciatic foramen to supply the pelvic floor musculature, such as the coccygeus, piriformis, and levator ani group.

41
Q

Which artery supplies the perineum, and what foramen must it travel through to get there?

A

The internal pudendal artery travels through the lesser sciatic foramen to supply the perineum.

42
Q

At what vertebral level does the thoracic duct cross over from the right, to the left side of the body?

A

The sternal angle; T4/ T5.

43
Q

What is the final drainage destination of the thoracic duct?

A

The left venous angle; the junction between the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular (into what is then known as the left brachiocephalic vein).

44
Q

What regions of the body does the thoracic

duct drain of lymph?

A

The thoracic duct drains the whole right side of the body, and the portion of the left side of the body which is BELOW THE THORAX. Thus, thoracic duct drains ~3/4 of the body.

45
Q

Consider the second largest lymphatic vessel. State:

a. ) Name
b. ) Drainage
c. ) Termination

A

a. ) Name - right lymphatic duct.
b. ) Drainage - upper right quadrant of the body (above the thorax, ~1/4 of the body).
c. ) Termination - right venous angle; junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins, into what is then known as the right brachiocephalic vein.

46
Q

What is the cisterna chyli? It is formed by the union of which vessels?

A

The cisterna chyli is the dilated lymphatic vessel (or ‘sac’) at the lower end of the thoracic duct, into which lymph from the intestinal and two lumbar lymphatic trunks flow.

Thus, the cisterna chyli is the origin of the thoracic duct.

47
Q

From where does the thoracic duct arise?

A

The cisterna chyli is the origin of the thoracic duct.

48
Q

At what vertebral level does the cisterna chyli exist?

A

The cisterna chyli is usually just anterior to the vertebral bodies of L1 and L2.

49
Q

Explain which spinal cord segments contribute to the following nerve(s):
Cuneal nerves.

A

L1 - L3.

50
Q

Explain which spinal cord segments contribute to the following nerve(s):
Iliohypogastric.

A

L1.

51
Q

Explain which spinal cord segments contribute to the following nerve(s):
Iliolinguinal.

A

L1.

52
Q

Explain which spinal cord segments contribute to the following nerve(s):
Thoracoabdominal nerves.

A

T7 - T11 (from intercostal nerves), and T12 (from subcostal nerves).

53
Q

What nerves supply the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A
  • thoracoabdominal nerves
  • ilioinguinal nerves
  • iliohypogastric
  • subcostal
54
Q

What nerves supply the abdominal cutaneous structures?

A

Anteriorly:
Anterior cutaneous branches (from thoracoabdominal/ iliohypogastric/ iliolinguinal).
Laterally:
Lateral cutaneous branches (from thoracoabdominal nerves).

55
Q

From where do the inferior gluteal, and pudendal arteries arise?

A

The inferior gluteal and pudendal arteries arise from the anterior branch of internal iliac artery. `

56
Q

State which spinal cord segments are responsible for the innervation of the following structure(s):
Obturator internus.

A

VPR of L5, S1, S2.

57
Q

State which spinal cord segments are responsible for the innervation of the following structure(s):
Piriformis.

A

VPR of S1, S2.

58
Q

State which spinal cord segments are responsible for the innervation of the following structure(s):
Coccygeus.

A

VPR S4, S5.

59
Q

State which spinal cord segments are responsible for the innervation of the following structure(s):
Levator ani.

A

VPR of S4, nerve to levator ani (from S4), coccygeal plexus (from S5, Co1).

A ( Trunk ) (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions