Lab 7

Question 1

Traditional biotechnology

Answer 1

Has been utilized for centuries and includes selective plant and animal breeding and the use of yeast in fermentation to produce cheese, bread and beer and wine

Question 2

Modern biotechnology

Answer 2

Has been developing since the 1970’s and specifically refers to the manipulation of DNA in vitro ( in glass, test tube or dish) modern techniques permit the alternation of specific DNA sequences as well as transfer genes between organisms

Question 3

Nucleotide

Answer 3

One of the structural components or building blocks of DNA and RNA
Each nucleotide is composed of three parts:
-a nitrogenous base ( one of adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine )
-a sugar (deoxyribose)
-a phosphate group, which is negatively charged

Question 4

Nitrogenous base

Answer 4

Adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine

Question 5

Deoxyribose

Answer 5

Sugar

Question 6

Hydrogen bond

Answer 6

Attraction between hydrogen atoms

Question 7

Complementary

Answer 7

A property of double-stranded nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA as wells as DNA-RNA duplexes

Question 8

Central dogma

Answer 8

The information that is encoded in the DNA is transcribed into a complementary RNA copy. The RNA copy is translated into a sequence of amino acids, which are building blocks of protein. This flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein is called the central dogma.
DNA - RNA- (Amino acids) protein

Question 9

Nucleated

Answer 9

Cells with nucleus

Question 10

Isotonic

Answer 10

When two solutions have the same solute concentration

Question 11

Saline

Answer 11

A solution of salt and water

Question 12

Polymerase chain reaction PCR

Answer 12

Technique used to rapidly make many copies of a DNA molecule or part of a NDA molecule

Question 13

Four ingredients required for Polymerase chain reaction PCR

Answer 13

1. DNA extract
2. Each of the four deoxyribonucleic triphosphates (dNTPs: dATPs, dCTPs, dGTPs, dTTPs) these are building blocks used to produce copies of DNA
3. Primers- short segments of synthetic DNA necessary for the initiation of DNA replication
4. DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase) - a heat stable enzyme that elongates the DNA chain by adding dNTPs to the primers
   The ingredients are combined and then placed in a thermal cycle, an automated system that maintains a series of temperatures for specific time periods

Question 14

Denaturing DNA (PCR cycle step 1)

Answer 14

Heat to separate the two strands of the DNA double helix

Question 15

Anneal

Answer 15

The process of heating and cooling two single stranded oligonucleotides with complementary sequences

Question 16

Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate dNTP

Answer 16

dATP
dCTP
dGTP
dTTP

Question 17

DNA/Taq polymerase

Answer 17

A heat stable enzyme that elongates the DNA chain by adding dNTPs to the primers

Question 18

Thermal cycler

Answer 18

An automated system that maintains a series of temperatures fro specific time periods

Question 19

Extraction

Answer 19

DNA getting extracted from nuclei of cells

Question 20

Restriction fragment analysis

Answer 20

Comparison of nucleotide sequences of different amplified DNA sequences, using several restriction enzymes that “cut” the DNA at different recognition sites

Question 21

Recognition sequence/restriction site

Answer 21

Specific site where restriction enzyme cuts dna

Question 22

Restriction digest

Answer 22

The first procedure used in restriction fragment analysis
Where a restriction enzyme is added to the PCR product and the solution is placed in an incubator, the enzyme cuts the DNA in the PCR product into specific fragment sizes and number, depending on number pf restriction sites present

Question 23

Restriction enzyme

Answer 23

EcoR1
An enzyme that recognizes specific DNA sequences and cleaves the DNA molecule at this recognition site

Question 24

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 24

Technique for separating macromolecules (eg fragments of DNA) using an electrical current and a porous matrix, based on speed of migration of the molecules which is mainly influence by their size

Question 25

Agarose

Answer 25

Substances used in gel for electrophoresis

Question 26

Ethidium bromide

Answer 26

Sometimes added to running buffer during the separation of DNA fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis

Question 27

Buffer solution

Answer 27

Water solvent based solution

Question 28

DNA fingerprint

Answer 28

DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are unique to individuals

Question 29

Ladder

Answer 29

Contains DNA fragments of known size

Question 30

Paternity test

Answer 30

The same DNA analysis described above for criminal cases can be used for paternity tests
DNA from a child that is cut by a restriction enzyme will result in restriction fragments that are either their mothers or their fathers restriction fragments

Question 31

Recombinant DNA

Answer 31

DNA molecule carrying genes derived from more two or more sources (two species)

Question 32

Genetically modified organism GMO

Answer 32

A microbe whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques; recombinant DNA

Question 33

Transgenic

Answer 33

Refers to an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means

Question 34

Bacterial transformation

Answer 34

A process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment

Question 35

Plasmid

Answer 35

A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some microscopic organism

Question 36

Green fluorescent protein GFP

Answer 36

Fluorescent makers of gene expression and for determination of protein and motility in living cells

Question 37

Annealing of primers (PCR cycle step 2)

Answer 37

Cool so that primers can bond to the single strand of DNA

Question 38

Extension of primers (PCR cycle step 3)

Answer 38

Heat to allow DNA polymerase (Taq) to add dNTP’s to then of the primers