Lab 3 Flashcards
Osmosis
Movement of a solvent (usually water) through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
Solution
Liquid (solvent) and its dissolved solutes
solute
Substance dissolved in a liquid (solvent)
Solvent
Liquid in which a solute (or solutes) is dissolved
Diffusion
Random movement of molecules of a substances from an area of high concentration of the substance to an area of low concentration
Selectively permiable
A property of cellular membranes that only allows certain molecules to enter or exit the cell
Ex. Plasma membrane (plant and animal cells)
Isotonic
When two solutions have the same solute concentration
Hypertonic
When comparing two solutions, the hypertonic solution has the higher solute concentration
Hypotonic
When comparing two solutions the hypotonic solution has the lower solute concentration
Concentration
The amount of the sub component in a solution
Tugor pressure
They hydrostatic pressure that increases as water enters plant cells by osmosis, because cell walls restrict the expansion of the cell
Plasmolysis
Shrinkage of algae or plant cytoplasm that occurs when water leaves the cell by osmosis; central vacuole decreases in volume and plasma membrane no longer presses against the cell wall
Binary fission
A means of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes in which a cell divides to from two identical organisms
Chromosomes
A unit of genetic material composed of DNA and associated proteins, found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells and in the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Genetic materiel of an organism; a double stranded helix, helical nucleic acid
Chromatin
A complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. Their primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures
Genes
A unit of hereditary information that contributes to the inherited characteristics or traits of an organism; composed of specific organized sequences of DNA
Replicated chromosome
Chromosome that has two identical sister chromatids, resulting from DNA replication in S stage of the cycle
Sister chromatid
The identical copies (chromatid) formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies joined together by a common centromere
Centromere
A region in a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are tightly associated; point of attachment of spindle microtubules during cell division
Mitosis
Division of a nucleus to produce two genetically identical daughter nuclei, each with the same complement of chromosomes
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase (plant cell)
Telophase (animal cell)
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
Cell cycle
The cell cycle is a four stage process in which a cell increases in size
G0
G1
S- dna replication
G2- prepares for mitosis
M- mitosis
Interphase
Interphase is where a cell spends most of its life
It’s the “daily living” of metabolic phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows and replicates DNA
G1
First gap phase of the cell cycle when new organelles and proteins are produced and plasma membrane increases in size
G2
Second gap phase of the cell cycle
The cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, prepares for mitosis
Prophase
The first phase in mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells
Prometaphase
The second phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells
Metaphase
Third stage
Stage during which the process of cell division begins, chromosomes moves to the centre of the cell; the nucleus dissolves and the chromosomes condense
Anaphase
The fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis
The process that seperates the duplicated material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into tow daughter cells
Cleavage furrow
Draws the plasma membrane toward the centre of the cell, pinching the cytoplasm into two lobes that are subsequently separated into two cells
Cell plate
A plate that developed at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells
Spindle microtubules
Long protein fibres called microtubules extending from the centrioles in all possible directions, forming what is called a spindle
Blastodisc
The embryo forming portion of an egg with discoidal cleavage usually appearing as a small disc on the upper surface of the yolk mass
Unicellular
Organism or part of an organism, consisting of only one cell
Colonial
A group of organisms of one species that live and interact closely with each other
Multicellular
Many-celled organism that has cells which are specialized for different functions
Pyrenoid
Structure associated with the chloroplast of some algae; site where the sugar produced by photosynthesis is converted to starch for storage purposes
Eyespot
Light sensitive organelle that orients certain organisms toward light (volvocaine algea)
Cytoplasmic bridge
Connection between adjacent cells of a colony (Gonium and Eudorina) or multicellular organism (Volvox) that allows communication between cells
Daughter organism
The cells that result from the reproductive division of one cell during mitosis or meiosis
Chlamydomonas
Cup-shaped green chloroplast
Two flagella
Red eyespot (sometimes visible)
Other structures: nucleus, contractile vacuoles
Pyrenoid: contained in the chloroplast and is responsible for synthesis of starch from the sugars produced by photosynthesis
Unicellular
Gonium
Colony: small group of cells
Secrets a green gelatinous matrix around itself which holds the cells together
Cells communicate via slender cytoplasmic bridges, allows for movement
-eyespot
-flagella (possibly)
Eudorina
Cells held together by a gelatinous matrix and communicate with each other via cytoplasmic bridges
More cells than a gonium
Gelatinous matrix
Volvox
The organism wall is made up of a single layer of small cells
Each cell secrets a gelatinous matrix that allows cells to adhere to each other
Cytoplasmic bridges (may be visible)
Flagella
Multicellular
