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Bio 120 Lab > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Meiosis 1

A

The first division when homologous chromosomes are separated into two different cells, halves the number of chromosomes ( diploid- haploid )
G0
G1
S
G2
M

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2
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Second division of meiosis when replicated chromosomes are separated into single chromosomes

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3
Q

Gamete

A

Gamete a haploid reproductive cell which combines with another gamete during sexual reproduction; eg

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4
Q

Spore

A

In plants, a haploid reproductive cell produced by meiosis

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5
Q

Ploidy

A

A number of sets of chromosomes in a cell; haploid = 1 n diploid = 2n

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6
Q

Diploid

A

A cell or organism that has two sets of chromosomes ( pair of homologous chromosomes)

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7
Q

Haploid

A

A cell or organism which only has one set of chromosomes

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8
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that have the same size, shape, centromere position and linear sequence of genes; pair up during prophase 1 to form tetrads

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9
Q

Locus

A

a physical site or location within a genome (such as a gene or another DNA segment of interest), like a street address

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10
Q

Gene

A

A unit of hereditary information that contributes to the inherited characteristics or traits of an organisms; composed of a specific organized sequence of DNA

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11
Q

Allele

A

Alternative version of gene ( either dominate or recessive)
Capital letter for dominate gene
Lowercase for recessive gene

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12
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that is expressed in both the heterozygous and homologous condition

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13
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that is not expressed phenotypically in the heterozygous condition

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14
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup makeup of an organism ( Aa or AABB)

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15
Q

Cross-over

A

Exchange of segments of the non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes when they are in tetrads during prophase 1 of meiosis

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16
Q

Tetrad

A

Paired set of homologous chromosomes, each made up of two sister chromatids, closely associated at the centromeres, formed during prophase 1 of meiosis

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17
Q

Sporangium

A

In plants, a diploid structure in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis

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18
Q

Alternations of generations

A

In life cycle with distinct multicellular haploid and diploid stages found in some plants (ferns)

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19
Q

gameotype

A

Multicellular haploid generation in the life cycle of a plant that produces gametes by meiosis

20
Q

Sporophyte

A

Multicellular, diploid generation in the life cycle of a plant; produces haploid spores by meiosis

21
Q

Rhizomes

A

Horizontal stem that grows below ground

22
Q

Sorus

A

In most ferns, a cluster of sporangia which develops on the undersides of mature leaves

23
Q

Rhizoids

A

In some plants, hair-like structure involved in water absorption and in anchoring the plant

24
Q

Prothallus

A

In ferns, refers to the small-heart shaped gametophyte

25
Q

Antheridium

A

Male reproductive organ on the fern gametophyte in which flagellated sperm cells are formed

26
Q

Archegonium

A

Female reproductive organ on the fern gametophyte in which egg cell is formed

27
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid cell formed when toe gametes fuse

28
Q

Chiasma

A

Site of crossing over between the non-sister chromatids of tow homologous chromosomes

29
Q

Ovary

A

One pair of female glands in which the eggs form and the female hormones estrogen are produced

30
Q

Egg

A

Haploid cell

31
Q

Sperm

A

Haploid cell

32
Q

Prophase 1

A

Diploid cell contains 4 chromosomes (2n=4)
Replicated chromosomes condense
Spindle microtubules begin to pair up (Synapsis) to form tetrads
Genetic exchange occurs between homologous chromosomes during a process called crossing over

33
Q

Prometaphase 1

A

Nuclear envelope disintegrates
Spindle microtubules attach to centromeres of each replicated chromosome

34
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Tetrads are lined up along the mid region of the cell

35
Q

Anaphase 1

A

The homologous chromosomes separate from each other and are moved to opposite poles of the cell by the spindle apparatus

36
Q

Telophase 1

A

Replicated chromosomes arrive at poles and begin to disappear
Spindle apparatus disappears
Nuclear envelope starts to reform
Cytokinesis begins
At the end of telophase 1 there is a haploid number of replicated chromosomes

37
Q

Prophase 2

A

Replicated chromosomes condense again
New spindle apparatus forms

38
Q

Prometaphase 2

A

Nuclear envelope disintegrates again
Spindle microtubules attach to the centromeres of each replicated chromosome
2 cells

39
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Replicated chromosomes line up individually along the metaphase plate of daughter cells
2 cells

40
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Centromeres of each replicated chromosome seperate and the resulting single chromosomes are moved to opposite poles by the spindle apparatus
2 cells

41
Q

Telophase 2

A

Single chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and start to uncoil
Spindle apparatus disappears nuclear envelope will reform
Cytokinesis begins
Appears like the beginning of 4 cells
At the end there will be 4 daughter cells each containing a haploid number of chromosomes

42
Q

Meiosis in plants : where does it occur

A

In plants meiosis occurs in diploid cells called sporophytes within reproductive organs called sporangia to form haploid spores

43
Q

Plant life cycle

A

Plants have a complex life cycle called an alternation of generations; meaning that they have distinct haploid and diploid stages
The diploid generation called sporophyte, produces haploid spores by meiosis within structures called sporangia. These spores undergo mitosis to produce the multicellular haploid gametophyte

44
Q

Sporangia experiment

A

Sporangium
Sporangial stalk
Spores
Rhizoids help absorb food water
Sporophyte tissues water

45
Q

Chiasma

A

Crossed over chromosomes
Animal life cycle and meiosis

Bio 120 Lab (7 decks)

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