LAB 6- Urinary System Flashcards
Primary and secondary functions
P: Produces urine that removes metabolic
wastes and toxins
S: Conserve glucose, water and electrolytes
Help maintain osmotic pressure and acid-base balance
Urinary System: Anatomy
Kidneys (2)
-filter excess water and waste out of blood
-Retroperitoneal
-Right lower than left
Ureters (2)
Transport urine from kidneys to bladder
-Peristalsis, hydrostatic pressure and
gravity
Urinary Bladder (1)
Stores urine
Urethra (1)
urine from
bladder to exterior
Urinary Bladder Anatomy
-Muscular walls
-stores temporarily
Trigone = floor of bladder
Openings in the 3 corners for ureters
and urethra
Internal urethral sphincter
Smooth muscle (involuntary)
External urethral sphincter
Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
Rugae
Folds in mucus membrane
Disappear when bladder is full
Nephron and Collecting Duct Anatomy
Where urine is formed
Nephron Components:
Renal Corpuscle
Blood filtration occurs here
Glomerulus
Glomerular capsule
Renal Tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Collecting Duct
Receives filtrate from several nephrons
Empties into a papillary duct
2 Types of Nephrons
Cortical nephrons
‒ 80-85% of nephrons
‒ Short loop of Henle
- Juxtamedullary
nephrons
‒ 15-20% of nephrons
‒ Long loop of Henle
Nephron Blood Supply
Two capillary beds form vascular supply to nephron:
afferent arterioles ➔ glomerulus ➔ efferent arterioles ➔ peritubular capillary (claims most of filtrate)
-peritubular capillary- around cortical nephron
-Vasa recta: around Juxtamedullary
nephrons
Flow of Filtrate and Urine
Nephron
Collecting Duct
Urine (turns into)
Papillary Duct
Minor Calyx
Major Calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary Bladde
Nephron & Collection Duct Functions
1) Filtration
Glomerulus (happens most in)
2) Reabsorption
3) Secretion
Urine Production (reabsorption and secretion)
Reabsorption
‒ Mostly in the PCT and the
nephron loop
‒ Water, glucose, amino acids, ions
Secretion
‒ Mostly in the DCT and the
collecting duct
‒ Metabolic wastes, drugs, ions
normal Urine Contents
-Substances that filter out of the blood in the glomerulus and are not reabsorbed and substances that are secreted in the distal tubules and collecting duct
Normal urine contains:
‒ Water (95%)
‒ Solutes (5%)
‒ Urea
‒ Uric acid
‒ Creatinine
– Sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, ammonia
Physical Characteristics of Urine
Colour
‒ Urochrome pigment
‒ Indicates solute concentration
-influenced by food and water intake, activity, timing, meds
‒ Straw yellow to amber - darker yellow when more concentrated
Odor
‒ Aromatic when fresh
‒ Ammonia smell after standing due to urea breakdown by bacteria
‒ Sweet fruity smell
Specific Gravity
‒ Indicates solute concentration
‒ Normally 1.003 to 1.030
‒ measure with Multistix strips
Chemical Characteristics of Urine
pH
– Affected by diet or infection
– Increased acidity (lower pH) with high protein diet
– Increased basic (higher pH) with vegetarian diet
– Increased pH with bacterial infection
Abnormal Urine Contents
-Kidney stones- buildup of Mineral salt crystals, causes: Excessive calcium or Low water intake
blood cells: hematuria (blood and urine) or pyuria (WBC in urine)
Dilute
– Excessive fluid intake, diabetes insipidus
Concentrated
– Limited fluid intake, fever, kidney inflammation
Cloudy/Turbid
‒ suspended particles eg. pus
Microbes
‒ infection
Three things that you may see in your urine that
may not have originated in the urinary tract.
-sperm
-menstrual blood
-STI- Trichomonas vaginalis
symptoms of STI-Trichomonas vaginalis
male- urethritis
few signs symptoms
possible burning following urination
female- sually vagina
vaginal discharge
strong odor
possible discomfort: urination, sexual intercourse
abdominal pain possible
Urinalysis and how its tested
analysis of urine
-urinalysis test- collecting of urine
types:
Macroscopic- visual observation, quantity, color, clarity, cloudiness
urine strip test: plastic strip with several squares of colors attached to it
microscopic: study of urine under a microscope
the body must produce at _______ to adequately remove waste from the body.
0.5 liters of urine per day
Each kidney filters approximately
1 liter of blood per minute.
how many nephrons are in each kidney `
roughly 1 mil each
Blood is filtered from
the glomerulus, a capillary bed, into the glomerular capsule through hydrostatic pressure.
99% of the filtrate created will be
reabsorbed during the process of urine formation.
Urine pH ranges from
4.5 through 8.0
-6.0 average
The presence of glucose, _________is abnormal and indicates infection or disease.
blood (erythrocytes), leukocytes, excess protein, or ketones
Normal healthy urine is sterile and formed from filtered blood. _______ Some drugs can also be found within urine.
It is mostly water with solutes such as salts (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, H2PO4-, SO42-, NH4+), nitrogenous wastes (urea, creatinine, uric acid), some hormones, and small quantities of ketones.
Erythrocytes in urine can indicate
infection or disease
WBC in urine indicates
indicates infection, such as a kidney or urinary tract infection.
protein in urine indicates
Presence of excess protein, known as proteinuria, may indicate problems with the kidney.
ketones in urine indicates
diabetes
what is the xray graph called
intravenous pyelogram
what does each mean:
NFP
GHP
BCOP
CsHP
net filtration pressure
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure
