LAB 5- Respiratory System Flashcards
Pulmonary ventilation
movement of air in and out of lungs
external respiration (AGE)
O2 and CO2 exchange in lungs
gas transport
between lungs and tissues
internal respiration (SGE)
O2 and CO2 exchange in tissues
what is the epithelium in the membrane
pseudostratified ciliated (reach basement)
Main Division of the Respiratory Tract- Structural Subdivisions
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose, nasal cavity,
pharynx (throat) and the larynx
(voice box)
Lower Respiratory Tract
Begins from trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles and the
alveoli
Main Division of the Respiratory Tract- Functional Subdivisions
Conducting Airways = Air Movement
Nose to terminal bronchioles
Respiratory Airways = Gas Exchange
Bronchioles to alveoli
Functional Subdivisions
the pharynx is composed of
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Bronchial Tree Components
Trachea and Bronchi
Contain cartilage
– Primary (main) bronchi
Right & left main branches to
each lung
– Secondary (lobar) bronchi
– Tertiary (segmental)
bronchi
Terminal bronchioles = End of conducting
zone
Anatomy of Lungs (lobes, fissures, notch)
Lung Lobes:
Left lung has 2 lobes:
‒ Superior
‒ Inferior
Right lung has 3 lobes:
‒ Superior
‒ Middle
‒ Inferior
Lung Fissures
(between lobes):
‒ Oblique
‒ Horizontal on right only
Cardiac notch:
‒ Indentation in left lung for
heart
Pleura
2 layers of serous
membrane:
– Parietal pleura
– Visceral pleura
– Surrounds each lung
2 pleural cavities – R and L
‒ l space between the
pleural layers
‒ thin layer
fluid that prevents lung collapse
Pleuritis
inflammation of the pleura
Respiratory exchange Zone
start: Respiratory Bronchioles
branches of resp bronch: Alveolar ducts, ends in alveolar sac
alveolar sac
Alveoli/Alveolus- dilations in all above
three breathing process
- Moving air in and out of your lungs (ventilation)
- Oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange (diffusion)
- Pumping blood through your lungs (perfusion)
11
Gas Exchange – External Respiration
-Air-blood barrier => Very thin
-Type I alveolar cell- squamous cell
-Type II alveolar cell- secretes surfactant
-Alveolar macrophage- phagocyte
– O2 and CO2 exchange by simple
diffusion across the respiratory
membrane
Systemic Gas Exchange (At tissue level)- unloading and loading of O2 and CO2, how does the alveolar work?
Dliffusion of CO2 into RBC
_Combinds with H2O to form CAH
- CAH turns into H2C03
- H2coз breaks down
- chloride Shift occurs
- Hbo2 present
- HHb + 02
- 02 released out
-its the opposite
-review image
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System
-maintains blood pH for homeostasis
-7.4
acids-increase H+ concentration and decrease pH making it more acidic
in response => bicarbonate ions buffer the acidity by
binding to H+ to dec concentration and raises pH to normal range
Bases (OH-) entering the blood increase the pH making blood
more alkaline
In response => Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate to reduce pH to normal
Effect of Respiratory Rate on Acid/Base Balance- Hypoventilation and Hyperventilation
Hypo- s
-slow, or shallow breathing
– CO2 is not being exhaled normally
– reaction shifts to the
right making more acidic
Hyperventilation
– fast or deep breathing
– too much CO2 exhaled
– Chemical reaction shifts to
the left making basic
Chem formula
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-
Pulmonary Ventilation pressure gradient and process (inhalation, exhalation, end of exhalation)
at rest: atm and intra are equal, no airflow
Inhalation: As thoracic
volume increases and expands ,
intrapulmonary pressure drops below atmospheric pressure
so air moves into lungs
Exhalation: As thoracic volume decreases,intrapulmonary
pressure increases above atmospheric pressure so air moves out of lungs Diaphragm flattens
End of exhalation:
Intrapulmonary pressure
equals atmospheric
pressure so no air
movement
Quiet vs forced breathing muscles
quiet- no muscles required
Muscles active in forced
inhalation:
‒ sternocleidomastoid
‒ scalenes
‒ serratus anterior
‒ pectoralis minor
Muscles active in
forced exhalation:
‒ Abdominals and
internal intercostals
Respiratory Cycle- Eupnea, tidal volume, respiratory minute volume
E: normal respiratory rhythm during quiet breathing (12-14 breaths min)
T: amount of air that moves in and out of lungs eacg resp cycle (500 ml)
R: The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute (not tidal)
VE (mL/min) = f x VT
Alveolar Ventilation
Alveolar ventilation is the volume of air that enters the alveolar airways each minute
VA is approximately 70% of the respiratory minute volume
VA = (VT - VD) x f
VD is the anatomic dead space which is normally ~150mL
Respiratory Rate Control
Ventilation rate is
controlled by a pacemaker in the medulla oblongata
=> detect H+ and CO2
concentration in the blood
and CSF
*Increased H+ and CO2 →
increased breathing rate
*Decreased H+ and CO2 →
decreased breathing rat
Obstructive lung disorders
result in a flow of air that is less than it should be.
Restrictive lung disorders
have a normal flow of air but a low vital capacity and low inspiratory and expiratory volumes
Atmospheric pressure
Pressure of air in the atmosphere; i.e., outside of the body and lungs.
Intra-alveolar pressure
Pressure of air in the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs; i.e., inside the body and lungs
