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Anatomy Lab > Lab 6 > Flashcards

Lab 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column and thoracic cage
  • 80 named bones
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2
Q

Functions of the axial skeleton

A
  • supports head, neck, and trunk
  • protects brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs
  • contains blood producing cells (red marrow)
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3
Q

Thoracic Cage

A
  • includes thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and costal cartilages
  • protects heart, lungs, and other organs
  • supports pectoral girdle and provides attachment points
  • intercostal spaces hold muscles that aid in breathing
  • 12 pairs of ribs that articulate directly with thoracic vertebra and sternum via costal cartilages
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4
Q

Sternum

A

3 bones
- manubrium
- body
- xiphoid process (looks different for people)

Articulate with
- clavicles
- ribs and costal cartilages

Jugular notch

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5
Q

Sternal angle

A
  • between the manubrium and sternal body
  • important clinical/anatomical landmark
  • rib 2 articulates there
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6
Q

Ribs

A
  • function: protect internal organs, aid in respiration
  • 12 pairs
  • all attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
  • 1-7 are true ribs, attach to the sternum by costal cartilages
  • 8-10 are false ribs, costal cartilages don’t directly attach to the sternum
  • 11-12 are floating ribs, do not attach anteriorly at all
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7
Q

Rib structure and articulation

A
  • articulate with the vertebrae via facets (smooth surfaces where bones articulate) on the head and tubercle
  • head has 2 facets (1 art with the body a vertebra at the same level, 1 art on the body of the superior vertebra)
  • tubercle articulates with a facet on the transverse process of the vertebrae
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8
Q

Articulating ribs with our vertebrae

A
  • tubercle of rib articulates with the transverse costal facet on the transverse process of the vertebra
  • head of the rib articulates with the superior and inferior costal facets on the body of the vertebra
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9
Q

Vertebral column

A

vertebrae
- cervical: 7
- thoracic: 12
- lumbar: 5
- sacral: abt 5, fuse into sacrum
- coccygeal: abt 4, fuse into coccyx

Functions:
- protect spinal cord
- support body axis
- attachment for ribs and muscle of neck and back
- anchor pectoral and pelvic girdle

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10
Q

Typical vertebrae

A
  • vertebral arch surrounds vertebral foramen
  • vertebral arch made up of laminae and pedicles
  • spinous process and transverse processes are attachment sites for muscles and ligaments
  • articular processes and facets are areas where vertebrae articulate
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11
Q

Intervertebral Foramina

A
  • spinal nerves exit between the body of the vertebra and the neural arch via intervertebral foramina
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12
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A
  • C1-C7
  • all have transverse foramina for the vertebral artery

C1
- atlas
- no body
- articulate with occipital condyles and dens

C2
- axis
- extra-long body

C3-C7
- transverse foramina
- bifid spinous process
- articular facets superiorly and inferiorly lead to mobility
- flexion, extension, rotation, lateral bending

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13
Q

Atlas

A
  • does not have a body or spinous process
  • does have transverse foramina
  • superior articular facet articulates with the occipital condyle enables flexion/extension of the head (nodding yes)
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14
Q

Axis

A
  • dens, body, superior and inferior articular facets
  • has transverse foramina
  • dens articulates with the atlas, enables side to side movement (shake head no)
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15
Q

Atlantoaxial joint

A
  • we turn our heads C1 rotates around the dens of C2
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16
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • T1-T12
  • articulate with ribs
  • costal facet on transverse process to articulate with tubercle of rib
  • costal facet on body for head of rib
  • articular facets face anterior-posterior
  • spinous processes are long and inferiorly directed
  • body is heart shaped
  • articulate with ribs via costal facets on the transverse processes and body
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17
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A
  • L1-L5
  • large vertebral bodies
  • short and wide spinous process
  • largest vertebrae to support the weight of all structures above them
  • superior articular facets face inward and inferior are curved laterally
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18
Q

Sacrum

A
  • about 5 fused vertebrae
  • forms the posterior wall of pelvis
  • Alae articulates with hip bones
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19
Q

Coccyx

A
  • 3-5 fused vertebrae
  • “tail bone”
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20
Q

Intervertebral discs

A
  • act as a cushion between vertebrae
  • center is gel like nucleus pulposus
  • outer region is annulus fibrosus
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21
Q

Intervertebral disc rupture

A
  • nucleus pulposus leaks out of intervertebral disc
  • reduction in cushion
  • impinges on spinal cord or related structures
  • may protrude superiorly/inferiorly through the vertebral body endplate leaving a hold known as a Schmohl node -common in lumbar
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22
Q

The skull

A
  • 28 bones, highly variable in function and form
  • most are flat bones that are formed via intramembranous ossification
  • bones are united by sutures
23
Q

Bones of the skull

A

Neurocranium: skull without the face, surrounds the brain, subdivided into the calotte and basicranium
- frontal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- occipital
- temporal
- parietal

Splanchnocranium
- frontal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- vomer
- mandible
- zygomatic
- maxilla
- nasal
- lacrimal
- inferior nasal concha
- palatine

24
Q

joints of the skull

A

Synovial joints
- temporomandibular
- occipital

Fibrous joints (sutures)
- mostly immobile

25
Developing skull
- skull formation begins around 7-8 weeks into fetal development - each skull bone grows from its own centers of ossification
26
Fontanelles
- fetal/infant skull bones are not yet solidly joined - allows for head to deform as it passes through the birth canal - allows for brain growth - sturdy membranous covering (fontanelles) run between the cranial and skull bones will fuse over time - fusion of cranial bones form sutures
27
Cranial sutures
- metopic line/suture - coronal suture - sigmoid suture - lambdoidal suture - sagittal suture - squamous suture
28
Parietal
- make up most of the superior part of the skull, extend posteriorly and laterally - sagittal suture run between left and right parietal - lambdoid suture run between parietal and occipital - squamosal suture run between parietal and temporal
29
Temporal bone
articulation - parietal - occipital - sphenoid - zygomatic - mandible 3 regions - squamous, tympanic, and petrous (holds structures of middle and inner ear)
30
Ectocranial features
- squamous portion - zygomatic process: connects to zygomatic bone - temporomandibular fossa: articulates with mandibular condyles to make TMJ - styloid process: connects to muscles - tympanic portion - external auditory meatus: opening in the tympanic region that leads to the ear cavities - mastoid process: attachment for neck muscles
31
Endocranial features
- petrous portion - internal auditory meatus
32
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
- condyles of the mandible fits into a depression in the temporal bone, the mandibular fossa - creates the TMJ
33
Occipital
- located at the posterior of the cranium and cranial base - foramen magnum is large opening in occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to pass and connect with the brain - occipital condyles are the region where the skull articulated with the vert column - contributes to the jugular foramen
34
Jugular foramen
- opening between temporal and occipital bones - many structure pass through here: internal jugular vein, cranial nerves IX, X, and XI
35
Sphenoid
articulations - vomer - ethmoid - frontal - occipital - parietals - temporals - zygomatics - palatines - sometimes maxilla
36
superior features
- greater wing: articulate with bones of the face - lesser wing: hold the frontal lobes of the brain - Sella turcica: bony depression that holds the pituitary gland - optic canal: optic nerve passes through - superior orbital fissure: many nerves pass - foramen rotundum: maxillary nerve passes through - foramen ovale: mandibular nerve and several vessels pass through - foramen spinosum: several vessels and part of the mandibular nerve pass through
37
Posterior features
- pterygoid processes
38
Ethmoid
- cribriform plate: helps form the roof of nasal cavity - crista Gali: midline crest serves as attachment sit for dura mater
39
Facial skeleton
- mandible - vomer - nasal - lacrimal - maxilla - zygomatic - palatine - inferior nasal conchae
40
The orbit
- supports and protects the eyes and muscles that move the eyes - contains fat and tear producing gland walls are formed by: - frontal - sphenoid - zygomatic - maxillary - palatine - lacrimal - ethmoid
41
Lacrimal bones
- groove in bone is part of lacrimal canal that has lacrimal duct
42
zygomatic bone
- frontal process: connects to frontal bone - temporal process: connects to temporal bone - maxillary process: connects to maxilla
43
Nasal Skeleton
- nasal bon - ethmoid - vomer - palatine - maxilla Nasal bones - forms bridge of nose attaches to cartilages that form nose
44
Nasal septum
- midline separation of nasal cavity - skeletal contributions from the ethmoid and vomer - anterior portion is cartilage
45
Vomer
articulations - maxillae - sphenoid - palatines
46
inferior nasal conchae
- warms and moistens inhaled air
47
Hard palate
- composed of maxillary and palatine bones - separates oral and nasal cavity
48
Maxillae
articulations - frontal - sphenoid - lacrimals - naslas - ethmoid - inferior nasal conchae - palatines - vomer - zygomatics
49
Lateral features
- frontal process: connects to the frontal bone - alveolar process: tooth sockets - orbital surface: bottom of the eye orbit
50
palatine bones
articulations - maxillae - sphenoid - ethmoid - inferior nasal conchae - vomer
51
Mandible
- strongest bone in the face - articulates with the temporal bone to form TMJ with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone features - mandibular condyle: articulates with the temporal bone to form the TMJ - coronoid process: attachment for the temporalis - alveolar process: tooth sockets - ascending ramus - body - mental foramen - mental protuberance
52
TMJ
between mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
53
paranasal sinuses
- sphenoidal - frontal - ethmoid - maxillary functions - keep skull light - support immune system - humidify air we breathe - increase voice resonance

Anatomy Lab (10 decks)

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