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Anatomy Lab > Lab 1 - Module 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 - Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Standard Anatomical Position

A
  • standing upright
  • head forward
  • arms at side
  • forward palms
  • thumbs out
  • feet flat
  • toes forward
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2
Q

Anterior/posterior

A

ventral (towards front)/dorsal (towards back)

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3
Q

Superior/inferior

A

cranial (towards head)/caudal (towards tail)

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4
Q

Medial/lateral

A

towards midline/away from midline

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5
Q

proximal/distal

A

towards the thorax, abdomen, or attachment/away from the thorax, abdomen, or attachment

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6
Q

Superficial/deep

A

external (towards body surface)/internal (away from body surface)

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7
Q

Left/right

A
  • structure located on the Left side, is referring to the left side of the subject’s body
  • right and left switched
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8
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

slices body to see internally

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9
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides into left and right

  • median/midsagittal: midline, right and left equal
  • parasagittal: off centered
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10
Q

Coronal plane

A

divides anterior and posterior (front and back)

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11
Q

Transverse plane

A

divides horizontal - superiors and inferior

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12
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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13
Q

Tissue

A

group of similar structure cells that work to perform a common function

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14
Q

Tissue types

A

Epithelial: layers that cover the body surfaces or line body cavities

Connective: fills internal spaces, provides structure, support, transports material within the body, and stored energy reserves

Muscle: contract to provide movement

Neural: conduct electrical impulses

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15
Q

Epithelial

A
  • cells bound closely together
  • supported by connective tissue
  • avascular but innervated (no bv, but nerves)
  • regenerative (replace old cells)
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16
Q

Classification of Epithelium

A

Simple: 1 layer
Stratified: multi layered

Squamous: flat, wide
Cuboidal: cube shaped
Columnar: tall, column like

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17
Q

Functions of Epithelium

A

Protection: resist damage to fragile structure

Gatekeeping: regulation of materials in and out of body

Secretion: produce material or fluid for secretion

Sensation: nerve ending that detect stimuli

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18
Q

Simple Squamous

A
  • gas exchange, diffusion, filtration
  • located: alveoli of lungs, capillary beds, lining of the heart
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19
Q

Stratified squamous

A
  • protection against abrasion/stress
    -keratinized or nonkeratinized
  • located: skin surface, mouth, esophagus, anus, vag
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20
Q

Simple cuboidal

A
  • secretion and absorption
  • located: kidney, ovaries surface, and glands
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21
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A
  • protection and secretion
  • located: sweat glands ducts, mammary gland ducts
22
Q

Simple columnar

A
  • abrasion and secretion
  • located: stomach, small/large intestines
23
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A
  • secretion, propulsion of mucus with cilia
  • appears multi layered, only one
  • located: respiratory tract
24
Q

Stratified columnar

A
  • best for protection and excretion
  • located: parts of male urethra
25
Cillia
small hairlike projections to move mucus
26
Microvilli
increase surface area for secretion and absorption
27
Connective tissue
- made of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix (ground substance) - matrix is hard or fluid - bone, cartilage, fat, or blood
28
CT function
- structural framework of body - transports fluid and dissolve materials - protect organs, support bv and nerves - store energy reserves and defends body from infection
29
CT Properties
- cells, fibers, ground tissues - function determined by type, number, arrangement, and cells - few cells, lots of extracellular matrix - loose or dense
30
Matrix includes
Ground substance - secreted by cells - cushions and supports - soft/hard Fiber types - collagen: strong, flexible, resistant to stretch - elastic: stretching - Reticular: branching, tough, flexible
31
Loose CT
- fibers widely spaced 1. areolar 2. adipose 3. reticular
32
Dense CT
- volume occupied by fibers 1. regular 2. irregular 3. elastic
33
Areolar CT
- loose - widespread and least specialized, mix of different fibers - supports and binds other tissues - located: beneath epithelial and dermis
34
Adipose CT
- fat cells, loose - densely packed, but lots of space between fibers - stores energy, protects, and insulated - located: below dermis, surrounds organs, around eyes
35
Reticular CT
- contains meshwork, forms scaffold to support other tissues - located: spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes
36
Dense regular CT
- lightly packed parallel fibers - strengthen areas with unidirectional stress, 1 direction under tension - located: tendons and ligaments
37
Dense irregular CT
- random arrangement collagen fibers - strengthen, support areas with multidirectional stress - located: fibrous capsules, around organs, around bone, cartilage
38
Elastic CT
- dense - tight wavy fibers for stretching - smaller high frequency waves than dense regular - located: walls of arteries, respiratory tract
39
Medical Imaging types
- radiography - Xray - sonography - ultrasound - computed tomography - CT - Magnetic Resonance Magnet - MRI
40
Radiography
- quick, inexpensive - visualizes: bone, air, tumors, objects, fractures, chest examinations, and mammogram's - cons: flattens image to 2d, radiation exposure - light color = more dense - bone - dark color = less dense - air
41
Ultrasound
- inexpensive, portable, radiation free - visualizes: embryo/fetus, organs, soft tissue - cons: low resolution
42
CT scan
- 3d Xray, good resolution - visualizes: hard/soft tissue, boney defects, tumors, aneurysms, cerebral hemorrhage - cons: lots of radiation, slow - reads same as Xray
43
MRI
- no radiation, high resolution - visualizes: soft tissue - brain, tumors - cons: expensive, slow, huge magnet - light color = fats/fluid - dark color = dry/air - bones, sinus - transverse view, looking up on a person form inferior view
44
Integumentary system
- skin, hair, nails - Epidermis and dermis
45
Epidermis
- stratified squamous - avascular - regenerative every 35-45 days
46
Epidermis layers
- skin cells generated in the stratum basale (bottom layer) - cells pushed up through layers and become keratinized - stratum corneum (top layer), replaced by layers below
47
Dermis
- strong, flexible, highly vascularized, innervated - 2 layers: papillary (20%) and Reticular (80%)
48
Dermis layers
Papillary - superficial - areolar CT, provides nutrients to epidermis Dermal Papillae - increase surface area for transport of materials Reticular - deep - dense irregular, network of collagen and elastic fibers to stretch and strengthen
49
Hair and hair follicles
- hair shaft made of keratinized cells - hair follicle: generated cells forming hair, in dermis - arrector pili muscle raises hair, 'goosebumps', in dermis
50
Merocrine sweat glands
- in response to heat/stress, opens on skin surface - product: 99% water, 1% waste/salt - acid: prevent bacteria
51
Apocrine sweat glands
- characteristics of body odor, open on hair follicles - product: protein and lipids, odorous - found in axilla/groin
52
Hypodermis
- below the dermis - supports skin - alveolar and adipose loose CT - allow movement of skin

Anatomy Lab (10 decks)

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