Lab 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of the skeletal system
A
- support
- attachment for muscles
- protect vital organs
- store red and yellow marrow
- energy metabolism
- mineral reservoir
2
Q
Cartilage
A
- flexible
- resilient
- resist tension and compression
3
Q
Bone
A
- strong and stiff
- support skeletal system
- protect organs
- store and metabolize minerals
- store red and yellow marrow
4
Q
Hyaline Cartilage
A
- costal cartilages
- articular joint cartilage
- larynx
- trachea
5
Q
Fibrocartilage
A
- pubic symphysis
- meniscus
- intervertebral disc
6
Q
Elastic Cartilage
A
- epiglottis
- ear
7
Q
Bone tissue is made up of
A
Mineral
- hydroxyapatite: calcium and phosphate
Organic
- proteins: collagen
8
Q
Types of bone tissue
A
- compact (cortical)
- Spongey bone (trabecular)
9
Q
Compact bone
A
- cortical
- smooth dense outer layer
- strong and rigid
10
Q
Spongey bone
A
- trabecular
- inside the bone, usually near joints
- not soft
- better at shock absorption
- surrounded by marrow
- same material as compact bone, but it’s organized different and has more open space
11
Q
Macrostructure of a long bone
A
- epiphysis
- epiphyseal plate
- diaphysis
- articular cartilage
- periosteum
- endosteum
- marrow (medullary) cavity
- articular cavity
12
Q
Microstructure of a bone
A
- osteocytes
- osteoblasts
- osteoclasts
13
Q
Osteocytes
A
- 90-95% of our bone cells
- bone maintainers
- sit in lacunae of osteons
14
Q
Osteoblasts
A
- bone builders
15
Q
Osteoclasts
A
- Bone destroyers
16
Q
Structural unit of bone
A
Osteon
- structural unit of bone
- many osteons together make up bone tissue
Calle
- concentric tubes or layers
Central (haversian) canal
- runs through core of each osteon and provides blood supply, nutrients, nerves
17
Q
Bone remodeling and growth
A
- network of vessels runs between osteons that deliver osteoclasts and osteoblasts to old or damaged parts of bone for repair
- new osteons overlay old ones as old or damaged tissue is replaced
18
Q
Skeletal development
A
- intramembranous ossification
- endochondral ossification
19
Q
Intramembranous ossification
A
- most cranial bones and clavicle
- develops in a membrane
20
Q
Endochondral ossification
A
- most noncranial bones
- develops from cartilage
- begin as hyaline cartilage framework
- Primary centers of ossification appears in diaphysis and bone cells begin to replace cartilage cells
- at birth, secondary center of ossifications forms in epiphyses
- skeleton continues to grow via division of cartilage and bone cells
21
Q
Growth of bones stop when…
A
- primary and secondary centers of ossification allow cartilage to be replaced by bone on both sides of the epiphyseal plate
- when the centers of ossification meet at the epiphyseal plate, growth stops
22
Q
Bone healing - callus
A
- continuously undergoes remodeling
- if bone is injured, cells tend to overgrow at an injury site
- result in bony callus from the overgrowth of osteoblasts
- will disappear eventually and will not be able to tell
23
Q
Osteoporosis
A
- results from imbalance on the cycle of bone remodeling
- more bone is broken down than new bone is being built
- menopause is associated with low estrogen levels a bone loss
24
Q
Ligaments
A
bone to bone
25
Tendons
muscle to bone
26
Muscles
tissues that contract to create movement
27
Types of synovial joints
Hinge
- elbow
Pivot
- atlantoaxial (turn head no)
Ellipsoid
- anterior flexion of wrist and fingers
Ball and socket
- shoulder and hip
Plane
- intervertebral joints, acromioclavicular
Saddle
- 1st carpometacarpal
28
flexion/extension
Flexion
- decrease the angle between two body parts. Usually moves an element away from the body line
Extension
- increase the angle between two body parts
29
Abduction/adduction
ABduction
- moves a body part away from the midline
ADduction
- moves a body part towards the midline
30
Rotation
movement in the horizontal plane around a vertical axis
- medial: towards the midline
- lateral: away from the midline
31
Circumduction
Movement of a body region in a circular manner (drawing a circle)
32
Inversion/Eversion
Inversion
- turning the bottom of the foot towards your midline
Eversion
- turning the bottom of the foot outwards, away from the midline
33
Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion
- action at the ankle that lifts the front of the foot so that the top of the foot moves towards the front of the leg
Plantar flexion
- action at the ankle that points the toes downward
34
Supination/pronation
Supination
- radius parallel to ulna
Pronation
- radius lateral to the ulna
- radius crossed over the ulna
35
Knee joint
- medial and lateral meniscus to stabilize the joint
- externally, the medial collateral ligament (mcl) runs between the tibia and femur
- lateral collateral ligament (lcl) runs between the fibula and femur
- anterior cruciate ligament (acl) and posterior cruciate ligament (pcl) attach in an "X" shape to stabilize the knee - attach femur and tibia
36
The skeleton
- bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments
- 206 named bones
- subdivides into axial and appendicular
37
Describing bone
Foramen
- hole in a bone, typically for nerves or blood vessels
Fossa
- depression in a bone
Process
- projection from bone, narrow or wide, protrudes from surrounding bone
Meatus
- a hold or tube-like structure
Canal
- a groove or tube-like structure
38
Axial skeleton - 80
midline bones
- skull
- ribs
- vertebrae
- sacrum
- coccyx
39
Appendicular skeleton - 126
Appendages - upper limb and pectoral girdle
- shoulder
- elbow
- wrist
- hand
Appendages - lower limb and pelvic girdle
- hip
- knee
- ankle
- foot
40
Regions of upper limb
Pectoral girdle
- clavicle
- scapula
Arm
- humerus
Forearm
- radius
- ulna
Hand
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
41
The shoulder
Two joints
- glenohumeral joint
- acromioclavicular joint
Three bones
- scapula
- humerus
- clavicle
42
Scapula
- located on the posterior surface of the ribcage
- three boarders: superior, medial, and lateral
- three angles: superior, inferior, and lateral
- Glenoid fossa: "socket" of the ball and socket joint
- glenoid fossa articulated with the humerus
- Coracoid process is the attachment point of the bicep muscle
- Acromion articulated with the lateral end of the clavicle
- Infraspinous, supraspinous, and subscapularis fossa hold muscles
43
Scapular movement
- attached to the rest of the body only at the clavicle and humerus
- allows for large range of motion at the shoulder
44
Clavicle
- extends horizontally across the superior thorax
- Medial end attaches to the manubrium of sternum
- lateral end articulates with the acromial process of the scapula
- function: provides muscle attachment, acts as brace for the scapula and arms, transmits compression forces from arms to axial skeleton
45
Upper limb
- 30 bones
- arm (brachium): humerus
- forearm (antebrachium): radius and ulna
- Hand (and wrist): carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
46
Humerus
- largest and longest bone of upper limb
- head articulates with scapula at the glenoid fossa
- distal end articulates with radius and ulna
- Tubercles are site of muscle attachment
- most frequent facture is at the surgical neck
47
The elbow joint
Three bones
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
Three joints
- humeroulnar joint: hinge, flex and extend
- humeroradial joint: functional hinge, flex and extend, rotation
- proximal radioulnar joint: pivot joint, rotation
48
distal humerus
Lateral and medial epicondyles
- attaches to muscles
Trochlea
- articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna
Capitulum
- articulates with the head of the radius
Coronoid fossa
- space for the coronoid process of the ulna
Radial fossa
- space for the head of the radius
Olecranon fossa
- space for the olecranon process of the ulna
49
Elbow
- ulna is the main forearm bone contributing to the elbow
- Trochlea of the humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna, creates a hinge
- coronoid fossa receives coronoid process when forearm bends
- Olecranon fossa of humerus receives olecranon process of ulna when forearm extends
- Capitulum of the humerus articulates with head of the radius
- Radial head also articulates with the radial notch of the ulna to form a pivot joint
- elbow can bend or forearm can twist
50
Radius and ulna
- radius is the primary forearm bone that contributes to the wrist
Landmarks
- head
- radial tuberosity
- shaft
- styloid process
- radius rotates around ulna at elbow
supination
- no bones are crossing
- forearm is facing upward
- holding a bowl of soup
Pronation
- radius is crossing over ulna
- forearm facing downward
51
Carpal bones - 8
- Scaphoid
- lunate
- triquetrum
- pisiform
- trapezium
- trapezoid
- capitate
- hamate
- articulate with radius and ulna
- Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle
52
Metacarpals and Phalanges
- 5 metacarpals, each with a head, shaft, and base
- numbered 1-5, thumb to little finger
- same numbering system for phalanges, but they are also proximal, middle, and distal
- pollex has only proximal and distal
53
Gait
joint movement of the pelvic girdle and lower limb help up sit, stand, walk, and run
3 plains
- sagittal: antero-posterior pelvic tilt
- frontal: lateral pelvic tilt
- transverse: rotation forwards and backwards
54
pelvis
- includes both appendicular and axial bones (the sacrum and coccyx are part of the axial skeleton)
- attaches the lower limbs to the spine and supports viscera
- strong, stable attachment to axial skeleton at the sacroiliac joint
- less freedom of movement relative to pelvic girdle
55
Joints in the pelvic girdle
Sacroiliac joint
- sacrum and ilium of the os coxa
Pubic symphysis
- pubic bones of the R and L os coxae
Hip joint
- acetabulum of the os coxa and femur
56
Os Coxae
- 3 bones fused together (ilium, ischium, and pubis)
- acetabulum is the socket that receives the head of the femur
- acetabulum is composed of all three pelvic bones
- two hip bones join together anteriorly at the pubic symphysis
57
Pelvic Inlet
- defines the boundary between pelvic and abdominal cavities
58
Pelvic Brim
- defines edge (margin) of the pelvic inlet
59
Pelvic Outlet
- defined by ischial tuberosities ("sits" bones)
60
Lower Limb
- carry the entire weight of the body
- thicker and stronger than the upper limb
- femur is the largest and strongest bone in the body
61
Femur
- head is on a neck (diaphysis) that angles laterally to join the shaft
- neck is the weakest part of the femur
- lateral and medial condyles articulate with the tibia
- greater and lesser trochanters are sites of muscle attachment
- the ridge along the posterior shat of the bone is a site for muscle attachment called Linea aspera
- condyles are separated anteriorly by a patellar surface
62
Patella
- sesamoid bone (formed within CT) enclosed in the tendon of the quad muscles
- protects knee joint and improves leverage of the quad muscles
- helps move the lower leg more efficiently
- articulates ONLY with the femur
63
The knee as a pully
- reduce the amount of force to lift a load
- compressive forces of the patellofemoral joint are influenced both by the quad muscles force and the angle of knee flexion
64
Tibia
- larger and sturdier than fibula
- articulates with femur and the knee and talus at the ankle
- superior and inferior articulations also connected by a interosseous membrane
- receives weight of body and transmits it to the foot
- medial and lateral condyles articulate with condyles of femur
- shaft is triangular with sharp anterior border (shin)
- distal end is flattened for articulation with the talus, medial malleolus projects to form ankle bone
65
Fibula
- smaller (thin) and laterally located
- superior and inferior articulations, connected by interosseous membrane
- fibula does not articulate with the femur and is only for stabilization at ankle
- head on superior end, lateral malleolus in inferior end (ankle bone)
66
Functions of the foot
- support weight of body
- acts as a lever for moving the body (walking and running)
67
Parts of the foot
- Phalanges (14)
- Metatarsals (5)
- Tarsals (7)
Forefoot
- phalanges and metatarsals
Midfoot
- navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
Hindfood
- talus and calcaneus
68
Tarsal bones
- Talus
- calcaneus
- navicular
- medial cuneiform
- intermediate cuneiform
- lateral cuneiform
- cuboid
The Cats Never Meow In Leaky Caskets
- body weight mostly carried by the talus and calcaneus
- talus articulated with tibia and fibula anteriorly and calcaneus inferiorly
- calcaneus makes up the heel
69
Metatarsals and phalanges
- metatarsals = 5 small bones
- numbered 1-5
- 1st metatarsal at base of hallux is largest, helps support weight of the body
- phalanges ordered as proximal, middle, and distal
- hallux has no middle phalanx
