Lab 5 (Unit 2)

Question 1

Flexion

Answer 1

bending limb

Question 2

Extension

Answer 2

extending limb

Question 3

Abduction

Answer 3

moving body part away from midline

Question 4

Adduction

Answer 4

moving body part towards midline

Question 5

Rotation

Answer 5

around axis

Question 6

Cirumduction

Answer 6

360 degrees of motion

Question 7

Supination

Answer 7

• palm up

- radius parallel to ulna

Question 8

Pronation

Answer 8

• palm down

- radius crossed over ulna

Question 9

What do all synovial joints have?

Answer 9

• fibrous layer
• synovial membrane
• joint cavity with synovial fluid
• articular cartilage
• ligaments

Question 10

Knee Joint

Answer 10

• hinge

- two menisci stabilize joint (external and internal)

Question 11

Where is the medial collateral ligament?

Answer 11

• between tibia and femur

- creates part of external meniscus for knee joint

Question 12

Where is the lateral collateral ligament?

Answer 12

• between the fibula and femur

- creates part of external meniscus

Question 13

What ligaments make up the internal meniscus for the knee joint?

Answer 13

• anterior cruciate ligament
• posterior cruciate ligament
• both make an x
• attach to femur and tibia

Question 14

Pectoral Girlle

Answer 14

-made of left and right scapulae and clavicle
-scapulae don’t join axial skeleton just loosely articulate with clavicle
>highly flexible but not very stable

Question 15

Scapula

Answer 15

• on dorsal surface of ribcage
• borders: superior, medial, and lateral
• Glenoid fossa articulates with humerus to equal shoulder joint
• coracoid process is where bicep muscle attaches
• acromion articulates with lateral acromial at the end of clavicle
• infraspinous, supraspinous, subscapularis fossae hold muscles

Question 16

Clavicle

Answer 16

-extends horizontally across superior thorax
-medially: medial sternal end attaches to manubrium of sternum
-laterally: lateral acromial end articulates with process of scapula
-function:
>provide muscle attachment
>act as brace for scapula and arms
>transmit compression forces from arms to axial skeleton

Question 17

Arm: How many bones and how is it broken up?

Answer 17

• 30 bones
• Arm= brachium/humerus
• Forearm= antebrachium/radius and ulna
• Hand= carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Question 18

Humerus

Answer 18

• largest and longest bone of upper limbs
• head articulates with scapula at glenoid fossa
• distal end articulates with radius and ulna
• tubercles are site of muscle attachment
• most frequent fractures occur at the surgical neck

Question 19

Radius

Answer 19

• primary forearm bone that contributes to the wrist

- components: head, radial tuberosity, shaft, styloid process

Question 20

Carpals

Answer 20

• 8 in the wrist
• arranged in two rows
• gliding movement at articulations
• scaphoid is fractured the most frequently

Question 21

Metacarpals

Answer 21

• 5

- contain: head, shaft, base

Question 22

Phalanges

Answer 22

-proximal, middle, distal

Question 23

Pollex

Answer 23

• thumb

- only proximal and distal phalanges

Question 24

Pelvis

Answer 24

• ossa coxae + sacrum + coccyx = pelvis
• both axial and appendicular skeleton
• attaches lower limb to spine and supports viscera
• strong attachment to axial skeleton at sacroiliac joint
• less freedom of movement relative to pectoral girdle

Question 25

Os coxae

Answer 25

- made of: ilium, ischium, pubis which fuse by adulthood - acetabulum is socket that receives the head of the femur: COMPOSED OF ALL THREE BONES - two hip bones join anteriorly at pubic symphysis

Question 26

Pelvic Outlet

Answer 26

defined by ischial tuberosities

Question 27

Pelvic Inlet

Answer 27

- defines boundary between pelvic and abdominal cavities | - pelvic brim defines edge of pelvic inlet

Question 28

Femur

Answer 28

- neck is weakest part - lateral and medial condyles articulate with tibia - patellar surface separates condyles anteriorly - greater and lesser trochanters are sites of muscle attachment - linea aspera = ridge along posterior shaft (used for muscle attachment

Question 29

Patella

Answer 29

- sesamoid bone = formed with connective tissue and enclosed in tendon - protects knee joint - improves leverage of quadriceps muscle

Question 30

Tibia

Answer 30

- receives weight of body and transmits it to foot - medial and lateral condyles articulate with condyle of femur - shaft of tibia is triangular - distal end is flattened for articulation with talus - medial malleouls projects to form ankle bone

Question 31

Fibula

Answer 31

- thin | - does not articulate with femur and is only for stabilization of ankle

Question 32

Foot

Answer 32

- supports weight of body - acts as lever for moving body - 7 tarsal bones - 5 metatarsal bones - 14 phalanges

Question 33

Hallus

Answer 33

big toe

Question 34

Tarsal

Answer 34

- body weight carried by talus and calcaneus - talus articulates with tibia and fibula anteriorly and calcaneus inferiorly - calcaneus = heel - achilles tendon attaches to posterior surface and enables extension of foot