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Anatomy > Lab 4 (Unit 2) > Flashcards

Lab 4 (Unit 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System Functions

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • blood cell production
  • mineral reservoir
  • energy metabolism
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2
Q

Cartilage

A
  • flexible, resilient

- resists tension and compression

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3
Q

Bone

A
  • stronger and stiffer
  • mineral reservoir
  • muscle attachment sties
  • protection
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4
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • most common type of cartilage
  • only fiber is collagen
  • location: ends of long bones, respiratory structures, embryonic skeleton
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5
Q

Bone Tissue

A
  • denser than cartilage (little fluid)
  • resists compression and tension
  • well vascularized = able to heal and remodel easily
  • cells = osteocytes
  • extracellular matrix:
    - organic: fibers and ground substance
    - inorganic: 65% mineral salts
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6
Q

Skeletal development

A
  • intramembranous ossification (how most flat bones form)

- endochondral ossification

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7
Q

Endocondral bone formation

A
  • skeleton beings with hyaline cartilage framework
  • week 9 (embryo) primary center of ossification appears in diaphysis and bone cells begin to replace cartilage
  • at birth secondary center of ossification forms in epiphyses
  • skeleton continues to grow through diffusion of cartilage cells
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8
Q

Closure of Epiphyseal Plates

A
  • primary and secondary centers of ossification mean that cartilage is gradually replaced by bone tissue on both sides of the epiphyseal plate
  • when centers of ossification meat growth stops
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9
Q

Bone remodeling and healing

A
  • bone continuously undergoes remodeling

- if injured cells tend to overgrow at the injury site, which will form a bony callus

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10
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • due to an imbalance in the cycle of bone remodeling (more bone is broken down than built)
  • often occurs after menopause because women don’t absorb as much calcium so osteoclasts break down bone to release calcium in the blood stream
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11
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • known as cortical
  • smooth dense other layer
  • strong
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12
Q

Spongey Bone

A
  • known as trabecular
  • inside bone usually near joints
  • more air pockets
  • better at shock absorption
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13
Q

Compact bone structure

A
  • osteon is the structural unit
  • lamellae = concentric tubes that make up an osteon
  • osteon’s oriented parallel to long axis
  • harvesian (central) canal runs through core of osteon and provides blood supply, nutrients, nerves
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14
Q

Axial Skeleton

A
  • 80 named bones
  • includes: skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage
  • function:
    - supports head, neck, and trunk
    - protects brain, spinal chord, thoracic organs
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15
Q

Foramen

A

hole in bone typically for nerves or blood vessels

ex: foramen magnum or infraorbital foramen

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16
Q

Fossa

A

depression in bone

ex: mandibular fossa or lacrimal fossa

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17
Q

Process

A

projection from bone

ex: styloid or mastoid process

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18
Q

Meatus

A

hole or tube-like structure

ex: auditory meatus

19
Q

Canal

A

grove or tube-like structure

ex: optic canal

20
Q

Thoracic Cage

A
  • includes: thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum, costal cartilages
  • function:
    - protect heart, lungs, and other organs
    - support pectoral girdle and provide attachment points
    • intercostal spaces hold muscles that aid in breathing
21
Q

Sternum

A
  • include: manubrium, body, xiphniod process
  • articulates with: clavicles, ribs, and costal cartilages
  • the sternal angle is an important anatomical landmark = where rib two articulates
22
Q

Rib Cage

A
  • function: protect internal organs and aid in respiration
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • all ribs attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
  • 1-7 = true ribs; attach to sternum by costal cartilages
  • 8-10 = false ribs; costal cartilages don’t directly attach to sternum
  • 11-12 = floating ribs; don’t attach anteriorly at all
23
Q

Rib Strucutre

A
  • rib articulates with vertebrae at head and tubercle
  • neck is the thinner region between head and tubercle
  • head: 2 faces; one articulates with body of its vertebrae and other articulates with vertebrae superior to it
  • tubercle: articulates with facet on transverse process of vertebrae
24
Q

Vertebral Column

A
  • 26 vertebrae
  • stacked vertebral foramina form vertebral canal for spinal chord
  • spinal nerves exit between body of vertebra and neural arch via intervertebral foramina
  • functions:
    • protect spinal chord
    • supports body axis
    • attachment points for ribs, muscles of neck and back
    • anchors pectoral and pelvic girdle
25
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A
  • C1-C7
  • all have transverse foramen for blood vessels
  • C1 is atlas
  • C2 is axis
26
Q

Atlas

A
  • no body of spinous process

- articulates with occipital condyles at superior atricular facet, enables flexion/extension of head (nodding yes)

27
Q

Axis

A

dens articulates with atlas, enables side to side movement (No)

28
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • T1-T12
  • articulate with ribs
  • transverse process with costal facets to articulate with tubercle of rib
29
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A
  • L1-L5

- weight from body focuses here so vertebrae are strong, thicker, wider

30
Q

Sacrum and Coccyx

A
  • sacrum forms posterior wall of pelvis and alae articulate with hip bones
  • coccyx = tail bone
31
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A
  • cushion between vertebrae
  • center of disks = nucleus pulposus
  • outer region = annulus fibrosus
32
Q

Major Sututres

A
  • coronal
  • squamous
  • lambdoid
  • sagittal
33
Q

Fetal/Infant

A
  • skull bones not yet solidly joined
  • allows head to deform as if passes through birth canal and allows for brain growth
  • fontanelles = soft spots
34
Q

Parietal Bones

A
  • makes up most of superior part of skull

- includes sagittal suture and lambdoid suture

35
Q

Temporal Bones

A
  • house opening to ear and base of cheekbone
  • regions: squamous, tympanic, petrous
  • EAM opening in tympanic region that leads to ear cavities
  • mastoid process = attachment site for neck muscles
36
Q

Temporomandibular Joint

A
  • jaw joint

- condyle of lower jaw fits into depression in temporal bone (mandibular fossa)

37
Q

Occipital Bone

A
  • posterior of cranium and cranial bones
  • foramen magnum = large opening in occipital bone that allows for spinal chord to pass through and connect to brain
  • occipital condyles = region where skull articulates with vertebral column
38
Q

Sphenoid

A
  • large and wing shaped
  • sella turcica = boney depression that holds pituitary gland
  • connects face at neurocranium
39
Q

Ethmoid Bone and Nasal Cavity

A
  • ethmoid is just anterior to sphenoid
  • takes most area between nasal cavity and orbits
  • separates nasal cavity from bone
  • cribriformplate: form room of nasal cavity
40
Q

Facial Skeleton

A
  • mandible
  • vomer
  • 2 nasals
  • 2 lacrimals
  • 2 maxillae
  • 2 zygomatic’s
  • 2 palatines
41
Q

Orbit

A
  • supports eyes and muscles that moves eyes

- walls formed by frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxillary, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones

42
Q

Hard Palate

A

formed by maxillary bone and palatine bone

43
Q

Mandible

A
  • largest, strongest bone in face
  • contains lower teeth
  • tooth sockets on superior border = alveolar process
  • condyle articulates with temporal bone to form TMJ
  • coronoid process serves as attachment for temporails
44
Q

Teeth

A

maxilla and mandible are only bones that contain teeth

Anatomy (10 decks)

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