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Lab for Vertebrates > Lab 5: Transition To Land > Flashcards

Lab 5: Transition To Land Flashcards

1
Q

Largest change in the skeletal and muscular systems from the transition from aquatic to terrestrial?

A

Development of limbs and increased complexity of the muscles to move them.
-vertebral column strengthened to support weight of the body
-neck allowing head to turn

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2
Q

Land animals have a _________ containing small bones which amplify and transmit sound to the inner ear

What is it homologous to in shakes

A

Middle ear cavity

Spiracular gill pouch associated with the second visceral arch

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3
Q

Small bones of middle ear are derived from…?

A

Jaw support elements such as hyoid arch

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4
Q

________ is an example of a primitive amphibian and belongs to the urodele group, which includes ________

A

Necturus

Terrestrial salamanders

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5
Q

Most common member of Necturus in NA

A

Necturus maculosis
-common in lakes and rivers in NA
-in Manitoba

Known as the mud puppy

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6
Q

Mudpuppy eating habitats

A

Hints at night for crayfish, worms

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7
Q

The fins of fish in Necturus have been transformed into

A

Paired pectoral and pelvic appendages

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8
Q

3 regions of the pectoral limbs of vertebrates

A

-upper arm or branchium
(Elbow between these)
-forearm or antebrachium
(Wrist between these)
-hand or manus

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9
Q

Pelvic appendages of vertebrates

A

Thigh or femur
(Knee joint between)
Shank or crus
(Ankle joint between)
Foot or pes

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10
Q

Toes on Necturus

A

Only 4 are present
-the thumb and big toe or missing

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11
Q

Why does Necturus still have a caudal fin

A

Still uses fish-like undulations fo locomotion

Fin is still well developed and the body retains segmented axial musculature

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12
Q

Urostyle

A

A long, still rod of bone compromised of several fused caudal vertebrae on frog

Is very strong segment of the vertebral column that evolved to withstand stresses of hopping

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13
Q

Mouth of Necturus

A

-Bordered by lips, and above the upper lip is the external nostrils or nares

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14
Q

Where does air enter in necturus

A

The front of the oral cavity via internal Nate’s or choanae

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15
Q

Eyes of necturus

A

Small eyes with no eyelids

-larval feature as aquatic larvae do not need protection from drying out.

Land amphibians have fully moveable eyelids

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16
Q

Do salamanders have external eardrums

A

No, but other amphibians do

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17
Q

Lateral line system in Necturus

A

Present and most easily seen where it appears as rows of dashes above and below the eye, on the cheek and ventral head surface.

Is a larval feature and disappears in metamorphosed amphibians.

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18
Q

Gas exchange in Necturus

Lungs?

A

3 pairs of external gills caudal to cheek region

-has lungs and occasionally gulps air at the surface but the lungs primarily function in buoyancy

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19
Q

External gills in necturus

A

Present in all larval salamanders and are lost as the animals metamorphose into adults.

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20
Q

Cloaca in Necturus

A

Cloacal apperature marks the caudal margin of the trunk. The male cloaca is more prominent because of the presence of internal cloacal glands

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21
Q

Why is the skull of necturus unusual

A

High proportion of cartilage because is it a neotenic animal and larvae in general tend to have large numbers of unossified bones

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22
Q

On the front of Necturus upper jaw is a b-shaped _______ which bears _____

A

Premaxilla

Teeth

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23
Q

The ______ is homologous to the caudal part of the Palaquadrati seen in fish

A

Quadrate

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24
Q

The bones of the otic capsule housing the inner ear are the _______ and _______

A

Opisthotic

Prootic

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25
Q

The bones lateral to the foramen magnum (spinal cord) are the ______

Each bear a _____

A

Exoccipitals

Occipital condyle - rounded processes of bone that occur at specific joint articulations. Help with movement of neck. Mammals and amphibians have 2, reptiles, birds and ancestral tetrapods have 1

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26
Q

The _______ is a small bone in the middle ear cavity of tetrapods derived from the hyomandibula of fish that transmits sound to the inner ear

How is it lacking in necturus

A

Stapes

Frogs and reptiles have a true ear drum which transmits sound to the stapes, but necturus does not have this. Helps with hearing in air instead of water

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27
Q

Lower jaw difference in necturus

A

Retains cartilaginous Mandibular cartilage which never becomes a bony articular as in other amphibians

The lower jaw consists of the Mandibular cartilage covered by dermal bones on almost all surfaces

The largest dermal bone, the dentary, covers most of the lateral surface of the jaw

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28
Q

Teeth of Necturus and attachment

A

Small and homodont (similar in shape)

Attach to the jaw in such a way that they are about the medial surface of the law so that the medial surface of the tooth is longer than the lateral surface=pleurodont

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29
Q

Hyoid apparatus main function in land vertebrates

A

Support the tongue and the floor of the pharynx

Muscles attached to this are for swallowing and feeding

30
Q

Of the ventral hyoid arch, two paired elements remain in necturus:

A

Short hypohyal and long ceratohyal which extends the jaw joint

31
Q

The first branchial arch consists ventrally of a short __________ which extends caudally from the hypohyal to join with the ________ laterally and a _________ medically.

The second and third branchial arches are reduced and consist of a ______ a tiny________, an _________ and the only element of the third branchial arch, _______

The other visceral arches have been incorporated into the ____

A

Basibranchial 1
Epibranchial 1
Ceratobranchial 1
Basibranchial 2
Ceratobranchial 2
Epibranchial 2
Epibranchial 3

Laryngeal cartilages

32
Q

Amphibians and reptiles have four types of vertebrae:

Fish only have:

A

Cervical
Trunk
Sacral
Caudal

Trunk
Caudal

33
Q

In necturus, the first vertebra ______ lacks _______ and is specialized to articulate the skull

A

Cervical

Ribs

34
Q

In amphibians, the ________ is no longer attached to the back of the skull as in fish, allowing the development of a neck region which permits movement of the head

A

Pectoral girdle

35
Q

The trunk of the vertebrae bear _____

A

Ribs

36
Q

Zygapophyses

A

Small projection from the cranial and caudal surfaces of the vertebral arch that Overlap to support adjacent vertebrae

Help to prevent sagging of the vertebral column due to the pull of gravity

37
Q

Why do modern amphibians have shorter ribs than ancestral forms

A

Do not use their ribs in lung ventilation

38
Q

The single vertebra whose ribs articulate with the pelvic girdle is the ______

The rest are ________

A

Sacral vertebra

Caudal vertebrae, most of which lack ribs and bear hemal arches as in fish

39
Q

Do amphibians have a sternum?

A

Yes, mostly

Part of the axial skeleton and supports the ventral chest wall in the midline

Necturus doesn’t have it

40
Q

The larger bones of the forelimb consist of….

A

Humerus
Radius - medial side
Ulna

Carpal bones (wrist but are cartilage)
Metacarpals-palm region of hand
2-3 phalanges

41
Q

There are ______ fingers in the front door of amphibians which are homologous to the second through fifth digits in reptiles, birds and mammals

A

4

42
Q

The number of phalanges present in the digits of each front foot from medial to lateral is called the ______

Human vs necturus

A

Phalangeal formula

Human: 2-3-3-3-3
Necturus: 0-2-2-3-2

43
Q

The pelvic girdle of necturus attached to the ________

It articulated the largest leg bone:

A

Sacral rib of the ilium

Femur

44
Q

Pelvic canal

A

The ring of bone formed by the sacral vertebra and rub along with the ilium and puboischiadic plate enclosed a space called the pelvic canal through which digestive and Urogenital systems pass before terminating in the cloaca

45
Q

The other bones of the hind limb in addition to the femur are:

Bones of the ankle are collectively called

A

Tibia- medial
Fibula

Tarsals

46
Q

Somatic muscles

Axial muscles of amphibians

A

Epaxial:
-dorsalis trunci
-interspinalis

Hypaxial:
-external oblique
-internal oblique
-transversus
-rectus abdominus

47
Q

Myomeres in necturus

A

Not folded in complex zig zag

48
Q

Appendicular muscles of necturus

Ventral and dorsal muscles:

A

Ventral appendicular muscles:
-pectoralis
-supracoracoideus
-procoracohumeralis
-humeroantebranchialis
-forearm flexors

Dorsal appendicular muscles:
-latissmus dorsi
-scapular deltoid
-triceps branchii
-firearm extensor

49
Q

The appendicular muscles operate the ________

A

Girdles and limbs

50
Q

Difference of shark and terrestrial cucullaris

A

Attached to the last branchial arch and the pectoral girdle and acted to raise the branchial apparatus in sharks

Attached only to the pectoral girdle and helps to draw the scapula cranially and dorsally

51
Q

On the forearm we can distinguish two groups of muscles:

A

Extensors- lie on dorsal surface of the forearm

Flexors-lie on the ventral surface of the forearm

Originate on opposite surfaces of the humerus, and insert on the distal forearm, wrist and hand

52
Q

Hypobranchials in terrestrial amphibians are associated with….

Important for?

A

The tongue and with more complex swallowing movements

Ventilation of the lungs

53
Q

Hypobranchials of terrestrial amphibians are the main muscles involved in the ______

A

Buccal pump

Raises and lowers the floor of the pharynx to draw air into the lungs

54
Q

Amphibians-breathing on land

Inspiration

A

-inspiration begins with air entering the external nares, nasal cavity and choanae due to the floor of the oral cavity and pharynx being depressed by the contraction of Hypobranchials muscles

-the increase of volume created negative pressure to inspire air

-the glottis (entrance to the larynx and lungs) is closed as this happens.

-when the choanae and the mouth are closed, the glottis is opened by the contraction of the dilator laryngis muscle, and the floor of the oropharyngeal cavity is raised. This increases pressure to force air through the open glottis into the lungs.

55
Q

Amphibians expiration

A

-begins with the floor of the oropharyngeal cavity being depressed while the mouth and choanae remain closed and the glottis is open.
-the negative pressure created by this action draws air out of the lungs through the open glottis.
-finally, the glottis closes and the mouth, choanae, nasal cavity and external nares are opened while the floor of the oropharyngeal cavity is raised again.
-increased pressure forced air out of the body through the mouth and nasal passages

56
Q

Another term for integument

A

Skin

57
Q

Human skin percentage and tissues involved

A

15% total body weight

1) epithelium-epidermis, glands and hair
2)connective tissue
3)muscle tissue
4)nervous tissue

58
Q

Function of skin

A

Protection from abrasion
Protection from excess gain or loss of salts and water
colouration or camouflage
Infraspecific communication
Glandular secretion between sexes for communication
Regulating body temp

59
Q

Epidermis is composed of ______

At the base of the epidermis one or two cell layers form the _____

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Stratum germinativum- cuboidal or columnar cells divide mitotically, giving rise to the layers of cells above the basal layer which differentiated and flattens out as they near the surface

Surface cells eventually slough off either individually, as in humans or in sheets like snakes

60
Q

Epidermal cells can synthesize….

A

Keratin, a water insoluble protein that produced a hardened cornified layer at the surface of the skin in many terrestrial vertebrates called the stratum corneum

61
Q

Layer beneath the epidermis and it’s components

A

Dermis

-absent in invertebrates
-fibrous connective tissue network composed of collagen and elastic fibers

-fibroblasts: secrete protein fibers
-macrophages to phagocytize pathogens
-smooth muscle: erect hairs for insulation and communication
-nerve and sensory endings for touch and temp receptors
-fat cells
-blood vessels

62
Q

The dermis supples blood to the _____

A

Epidermis

A vascular layer in most vertebrates

63
Q

Tunicate integument

A

Thin epidermal layer that secreted “so called” tunic

64
Q

Amphioxus integument

A

-epidermis consists of 1 layer of columnar epithelial cells that secrete a thin, non-cellular cuticle perforated by a minute pores, somewhat transparent and no scales

-dermis is thin and made up of soft connective tissue, pigment is lacking

65
Q

Lamprey integument

A

-epidermis is thin, composed of living cells that secrete a thin cuticle and this is kept moist by secretion of many unicellular mucous glands.
-club cells: may be to secrete a defensive poison or protect cells from invasion by bacteria or viruses

Dermis is thin; composed of connective tissue. Chromatophores located in the Demi’s are responsible for the characteristic colour of the skin. No scales in modern jawless fish

66
Q

Fish integument

A

-Stratified squamous epithelialayer forms epidermis. Basal layer cells of epidermis are columnar and divide mitotically to form all cells of the epidermis. Large partially fluid-filled cells in the epidermis known as serous cells which secrete waste material. Pink stained club cells

-Two layers of dermis: surface layer of loose connective tissue and deeper layer of compact dense connective tissue.

Chromatophores called melanophores near boundary of epidermis and dermis which give grey colour of dog fish

67
Q

Dogfish integument

A

Placoid scales arise from the dermis and grow up through the epidermis

Responsible for rough surface

68
Q

3 other dermal scales of fish

A

Ganoid scales-outer covering of enamel like material: Ganoine: fit closely together and give surface and evenly tiled appearance

Ctenoid scales: numerous comb-like projections on their free edge. Common scale type and arranged overlapping. Basal area has scalloped pattern. Lines of growth can be observed on each scales and these can be used to identify fish age

Cycloid scales: oval in shape and have concentric lines of growth.

69
Q

Amphibian integument

A

-integument not well protected especially against desiccation
-epidermis has many glands that for the most part secrete Muskie to lubricate the surface.
-chromatophores are abundant

-superficial layer is cornified: single layer of cells undergoing this change prior to being shed.
-secretion is often taken over by special glands (multicellular) which permits the epidermal cells to assume the rather uniform character and appearance that is found in the epidermis of higher vertebrates

70
Q

Both mucous secreting and poison glands of frogs are found in which skin layer

A

Dermis

Lab for Vertebrates (9 decks)

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