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Lab for Vertebrates > Lab 4: Life In Water, Part 3 > Flashcards

Lab 4: Life In Water, Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The coelom contains what

A

The body organs and viscera

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2
Q

Visceral organs

A

Digestive, respiratory, Urogenital, and circulatory systems

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3
Q

Organs in the coelom are characterized by

A

Changing their shape and volume while they function

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4
Q

I’m vertebrates, the coelom has at least two cavities: the larger, posterior cavity is ________ and the thinner is the _______

The wall of each cavity is lined with ______

What are they called on each cavity

A

Pleurpitoneal

Pericardial

Serosa: thin, shiny lubricated membrane that secretes watery fluid to lubricate the cavity walls

-parietal peritoneum
Parietal pericardium

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5
Q

The shiny covering on the organs is the ___________ and the ________

A

Visceral peritoneum
Visceral pericardium (heart surface)

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6
Q

Each organ is suspended from the wall of the coelom by a double thickness of serosa called a

A

Mesentery - hold viscera in place while allowing them to move without getting tangled out.

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7
Q

What can pass through mesenteries?

Short narrow mesenteries are called _______

A

Blood, lymphatic vessels and nerves

Ligaments

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8
Q

The pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities contact each other at a membrane known as the

A

Transfer septum

Septum forms a partition between the two cavities

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9
Q

Abdominal pores

A

Connection exits between coelom and outside

-release excess coelomic fluid or may be a remnant of an evolutionary stage when gametes where discharged directly into the coelom like lamprey

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10
Q

The liver accounts for how much of dog fish body weight

A

Up to 1/3

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11
Q

Gall bladder function and where the stuff goes

A

Stores greenish bold produced by the liver. The bile travels from the gall bladder to the intestine via bile duct (colourless tube parallel to a large yellow hepatic portal vein). The bile reaches the gall bladder from the live via the hepatic ducts.

Bile emulsified fats during digestion

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12
Q

Liver functions

A

-main site of metabolic conversion of absorbed nutrients
-excess sugar storage as glycogen
-proteins to keep osmotic balance
-delaminate amino acids to urea
-detoxify

-hydrostatic organ involved in buoyancy control: large oil storage reduced density

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13
Q

Esophagus connects what to what

A

Pharynx to stomach

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14
Q

The stomach bends sharply to the right and then again to the left. The part of the stomach between the esophagus and the curve to the rig he is the body and the bardo part between the two curves is the ______

A

Pylorus

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15
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Distal end of the pylorus and controls the passage of food between the stomach and intestine

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16
Q

Spleen

A

Not a digestive organ, but is in fact part of the lymphatic system and function in the production, degradation and storage of blood cells

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17
Q

At the caudal end of the pylorus, the digestive tract turns caudally and becomes the _______

A

Valvular intestine

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18
Q

Pancreas

A

Accessory digestive gland

-secreted digestive enzymes into the intestine to break down carbs, protein and fat
-secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate glucose

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19
Q

What connects the two lobes of the pancreas

A

Isthmus

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20
Q

The valvular intestine terminated in a short _______ which empties into the ______

A

Colon
Cloaca

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21
Q

Digitform gland

A

Empties into the Colin

Eliminates excess salt

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22
Q

What cavity are the gonads apart of

A

Pleuroperitoneal

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23
Q

Opithonephros

A

Primitive paired kidney type

-are retroperitoneal: lie behind the peritoneum and are not part of the content of the body cavity

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24
Q

Parts of the dorsal mesentery

A

Greater Omentum (Mesogaster): Dorsal mestenery passing from the mid-dorsal wall to the esophagus and stomach cranially

Gastrosplenic ligament : part between the the spleen and stomach

Mesentery proper: portion passing the intestine

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25
Q

Where is the mesentery proper attarches

A

Greater omentum instead of dorsal wall

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26
Q

The digitiform gland and the colon are suspended by part of the dorsal mesentery called a

A

Mesocolon

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27
Q

Ventral mesenteries parts

A

Most disappeared in adult dogfish except two small parts on the liver

Falciform ligament: between ventral wall and the liver

Other part lies between the liver, stomach and intestine

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28
Q

Cranial surface of the liver is attatched to the transverse septum by the

A

Coronary ligament

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29
Q

Mesorchium

Mesovarium

Mesotubarium

A

Supports each results

Supports each ovary

Suspends oviduct

Mesenteries

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30
Q

What lines interior of esophagus

What lines interior of stomach

A

Papillae

Rugae-smooth folds that permit expansion of the stomach and disappear when the stomach is distended with food.

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31
Q

The surface of the stomach along which the greater omentum attaches is the ______ and the opposite surface is the _______

A

Greater curvature

Lesser curvature

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32
Q

Spiral valve

A

Spiral turn fused to the wall of the intestine. Folds in proximal half turn one way and opposite in other half.

-slows passage of food in intestine to allow for proper digestion

-permits greater surface area for absorption

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33
Q

The wall of the pericardial sac is lined with a membrane called

The space where the heart lies is the

The shiny layer covering the surface of the heart is the

A

Parietal pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Visceral pericardium

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34
Q

The oral cavity and pharynx are lined with a tough membrane called the

A

Mucosa

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35
Q

Can the tongue move in sharks

A

No, no muscular to lift the tongue off the flier of the mouth.

Supported by hyoid arch

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36
Q

The pharyngeal entrance to the brachial pouch is guarded by numerous pointed

A

Gill rakers

Act as Steiner a to protect the delicate hill tissue and keep food in the pharynx

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37
Q

Each internal hill slit leads to a _______ the houses the gills

The full tissue is arranged in ______

A

Branchial pouch

Primary lamellae with secondary lamellae on them- sites of respiratory gas exchange

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38
Q

Parabranchial chamber

A

Small chamber where there is no gill lamellae and leads to the external hill slot

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39
Q

Inter branchial septum

What’s on them

Waht supports them

A

The tissue between each gill slit and branchial chamber that lies lateral to each hill arch

Supported by cartilaginous gill rays

Usually have hill lamellae on their cranial and caudal surfaces. If they do=holobranchs or complete gills, gill lamellae only on one surface =hemibranchs

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40
Q

Paudeobranch

A

Tiny hemibranch on the spiracular valve

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41
Q

The external gill slits can be closed by

A

Flap valves

On each inter branchial septum

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42
Q

The ______ is the branchial pouch between the Mandibular and hyoid arches

A

Spiracle

43
Q

Gas exchange and hill ventilation

A

Gas exchange occurs between the blood that circulated through the gills and the water that passes through the secondary lamellae of the gills.

The water that passes through the gills flows in the opposite direction of the blood flow in the secondary lamellae (countercurrent flow) which ensures efficient extraction of oxygen from the water.

44
Q

The Urogenital system includes what organs

A

Those involved in the excretion of waste, and those involved in perpetuation of life

45
Q

In anamniote vertebrates (fish and amphibians), the adult kidney is an ________ type - what does that mean

What is it drained by

A

Opisthonephros -tubules numerous on posterior portion and so it is enlarged because that’s where most of the urine production occurs. The cranial part is thin, and produces little or no urine. Instead, in males it receives sperm. Runs nearly entire length of body and is retroperitoneal

Archinephric duct and additional posterior accessory ducts

46
Q

What transports sperm in the male dogfish shark

What transports urine in males?

A

Archinephric duct

Accessory urinary duct

47
Q

The functional kidney type of reptiles and mammals it the

Homologous to?

A

Metanephros type

-homologous to posterior portion of the Opisthonephros
-always drained by a ureter
-enters into cloaca or urinary bladder
-smaller
-have more nephrons
-higher filtration rate

48
Q

Basic function of nephrons

A

Rid the body of nitrogenous waste created by breakdown of proteins as well as excess ions and other waste products and to reabsorbed necessary substances such as water and nutrients.

49
Q

When amino acids are broken down they are excreted as ___,___, or ____

A

Ammonia - most aquatic organisms, lots of water needed
Urea - requires less water- terrestrial
Uric acid - birds and reptiles - insoluble in water requires least water

50
Q

How does the shark deal with retaining nitrogenous waste

A

Raising osmotic pressure of their body fluids and reducing the tendency to lose water to the environment

51
Q

During ovulation, eggs break through the wall of the follicle and the serosa which enclosed the ovary and enter the _______ briefly. Then transported to _____

A

Coelom
Oviduct

52
Q

The oviducts fuse within the _______ to create one funnel shaped tube called the ______

A

Falciform ligament

Ostium tube- an ovulated egg passed into the ostium tube and then into one of the two oviducts

53
Q

Nidamental gland

Candle

A

Cranial end of the oviduct is a swelling dorsal to the ovary. Sperm are stored here and fertilization takes place here. Can store sleek for several weeks.

Thin shell of collagen secreted around fertilized eggs in the nidamental gland

54
Q

Uterus

A

Embryos develop within the uterus and in pregnant specimens it is greatly enlarged and well vascularized.

55
Q

Oviducts enter the ______

The oviduct opening is located in the caudodorsal wall of the ______, ventral to the urinary papilla

A

Cloaca

56
Q

Urodeum

Coprodeum

A

Oviducts and urinary papilla enter the Urogenital portion of the cloaca known as the urodeum.

Separated by a horizontal fold of tissue from the anterior fecal portion of the cloaca known as the coprodeum.

57
Q

Urinary papilla

A

Final outlet for urine from the kidney. It is formed form the union of the Archinephric ducts into the urinary sinus.

58
Q

The Archinephric drift carries ______in the female dogfish

A

All of the urine

59
Q

Ductili efferentes role with sperm

Where does sperm go next

A

Spermatids produced in the testis is conveyed to the anterior part of the Opisthonephros through the mesorchium via minute tubules called ductility efferentes.

Then pass into the Archinephric duct

60
Q

Remnant of sexually indifferent phase in dogfish

A

Remnants of the oviduct are present in the adult male as thin folds on either side of the Falciform ligament

61
Q

Leydigs gland

A

Nephron tissue in the middle third of the kidney between the testes and the caudal excretory portion of the kidney

62
Q

Kidney tubules secrete seminal fluid which is discharged into the Archinephric duct in what region

A

Leydgids gland

63
Q

Seminal vesicles

Homologous to what?
Function?

A

Homologous with ductus deferens (vas deferens) of amniotes

Has a ventral diverticulum at posterior end called the sperm sac where sperm are stored.

64
Q

The walls of both the seminal vesicles and sperm sac do what

A

Secrete substances which contribute to seminal fluid

65
Q

The seminal vesicles and sperm sac unite causally to form the ______

The sinuses from each side then unite to forms a single _______

A

Urogenital sinus

Urogenital papilla

66
Q

Do male dogfish have a horizontal fold to divide the cloaca

A

No- but feces exit in a more cranial and ventral position then urine and learn

67
Q

Fertilization and development type of dogfish

A

INTERNAL

68
Q

What is used to deposit sperm in dogfish

A

Claspers

-can be flexed 90° such that the anterior end of the clasper groove lies close to the outlet of the Urogenital papilla. Sperm transfer is assisted by the siphons sac, a thin-walled muscular sac which lies on the ventral surface of the pelvic fin.

Just prior to copulation, seawater is drawn into the siphon sac through the clasper groove. During mating. The male wraps body around the female, then flexes and inserts one clasper into the female cloaca and oviduct. Sharp spurs on the clasper apparently help to hold it in place. Speke released from the cloaca travel down the clasper groove while the siphons sac contracts to release seawater as well as secretions. The seawater assist in injecting the spermatids into the female tract while the secretion of serotonin induced contractions in the oviduct to propel spermatids upward to fertilization or sleek storage

69
Q

Oviparity

Viviparity

A

Egg laying-most primitive mode of reproduction in cartilaginous fish

Aplacentral viviparity: some eyo grows in the uterus without placenta (DOGFISH). Nutrition comes from yolk of egg. Uterine villi that line uterine wall contact the yolk sac to permit gas exchange and nutrients.

70
Q

Ovulation of Squalus

A

Early winter of every second year

2-3 mature eggs rupture the follicle and leave each ovary.

Eggs travel through the ostium tubae, down the oviduct and into the nidamental gland where they are fertilized. Development is in uterus.

71
Q

Gestation of Squalus

A

22 months

72
Q

Just before birth, the ________ yolk sac is used up but an _______ yolk sac is present as an energy reserve while the pup learns to hunt for food

A
73
Q

Absorbed food molecules are taken from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for preceding via the

A

Hepatic portal system of veins

74
Q

In animals with higher blood pressure, more fluid enters the tissues than can be drained by the veins and this excess fluid is taken up by the

Does squalid have this

A

Lymphatic capillaries as lymph and enters lymphatic vessels that drain into lager veins.

No

75
Q

Portal veins

A

Take blood from one capillary bed to another (often one organ to another) and thus do not take blood directly back to the heart

76
Q

Anastomosis

A

Blood vessel that is large than a capillary and that connects two vessels such as an artery and a vein

77
Q

Pattern of circulation in fish

A

Single circuit-blood does not return to the heart after it is oxygenated

Means that blood pressure in fished is very low

78
Q

Blood movement in dogfish heart and thickness

A

Venous blood returns to the sinus venosus then passes in sequence to the atrium, ventricle and conus arteriosus

Sinus venosus is thin walled and under little pressure

Atrium- intermediate thickness with diffident pressure to fill ventricle.

Ventricle-thick walled with enough pressure to get blood moving into the gills

Conus arteriosus-dampens pressure and evens the flow of blood to delicate gills

79
Q

The venous system can be organized into what three major systems

A
  1. Systemic veins (paired): take blood directly back to the heart(sinus venosus) Includes cardinal and jugular venous system draining the head and trunk and the lateral abdominal venous system draining appendages
  2. Hepatic portal system: drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver
  3. Renal portal system: drains blood from the tail to the kidneys
80
Q

Coronary veins

A

Drain the heart muscle and then enter the sinus venosus

81
Q

Anterior and posterior cardinal sinuses

A

Drains the dorsal region of head

Drains the trunk dorsal to the lateral line as well as kidneys and gonads (enlargement of posterior cardinal vein)

82
Q

Common cardinal vein

A

Anterior and posterior cardinal sinuses drain into the common cardinal vein which drains into the sinus venosus

83
Q

Inferior jugular veins

A

Paired veins that drain the floor of the branchial region

84
Q

Hypoidean sinus

A

Inferior jugular and anterior dark Dal sinus are connected here

85
Q

Lateral abdominal veins

Where and what drains into them

A

Long veins on the lateral surface of the abdominal walls

Cloacal vein and femoral vein (pelvic appendage) drain into this on either due

86
Q

Brachial vein

A

Drain the pectoral fin and eventually empties into the common cardinal

87
Q

What drains the liver

A

System of veins which come together to form large hepatic sinuses which drain into the sinus venosus as paired hepatic veins.

88
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Takes blood from the orange of the digestive system and delivers it to the liver. Once in the liver, the hepatic portal vein breaks up into smaller and smaller vessels, eventually capillaries. The function is to take nutrients absorbed from the digestive system to the liver for modification and processing.

89
Q

What 3 veins forms the hepatic portal vein (left to right)

A

Gastric vein, leinomessnteric vein, pancreaticomesenteric vein

90
Q

Renal portal system beginning and end

A

Capillaries of the tail

Capillaries of the kidney

91
Q

Numerous small vessels, the ________ branch from the renal portal vein and enter the kidney tissue

Numerous _________ drain the Opisthonephros into the posterior cardinal vein

A

Afferent renal veins

Efferent renal veins (efferent renal veijs and posterior cardinals are systemic veins, not renal portal)

92
Q

Two circuits in the arterial system

A

Branchial circulation - distributed blood to the gills for oxygenation

Systemic circulation - distributed blood to the rest of the body

Heart-gills->body blood then returns to the heart in the systemic veins

93
Q

Most of the blood flows to the caudal part of the body in the dorsal aorta, but a small ___________ artery branches from the second efferent branchial and takes blood to________

A

Pharyngoesophageal

Roof of the pharynx and esophagus

94
Q

Within the branchial pouches, a series of four and one half ________ collect oxygenated blood from the hill lamellae then pass It to the efferent branchial arteries

A

Collector loops

Circular arteries that surround the internal gill slits of the cranial four branchial pouches

The last one is incomplete because the caudal wall of that pouch lacks hill lamellae

95
Q

Several vessels extend from the first collector loop

A

Hyoidean efferent artery-merges with paired dorsal aorta to fork internal carotid artery: supplies brain

Stapedial artery-supplies orbit and snout

Afferent spiracular artery-supplies pseudobranch on spiracular valve

Efferent spiracular artery-brain

External captured artery-supples the tongue and floor of mouth

96
Q

Vessels extending from second collector loop

A

Hypobrnachial artery- supplies hypobranchial muscles but splits to form coronary artery (supplies heart muscle) and pericardial artery (supplies the dorsal wall of the pericardial cavity)

97
Q

The conus arteriosus leaves the heart and flows into the _______. The ventral aorta gives off _____ pairs of un-injected afferent brachial arteries whatcha take blood to _____

A

Ventral aorta

5

Each of the branchial arches that bear gills

98
Q

The systemic circulation consists of the _______ and its ___ that supply the body with ___blood

A

Dorsal aorta
Branches
Oxygenated

99
Q

four unpaired visceral branches of the dorsal aorta and what they supply

A

Celiac artery- Pleuroperitoneal cavity
-divides to form Gastrohepatic and pancreaticomesenteric arteries
-gastrohepatic divided into hepatic artery and gastric artery (stomach)
-pancreaticomesenteric artery travels to intestine where it is called the anterior intestinal artery

Anterior mesenteric artery (left side of intestine) and becomes the posture or intestinal artery

Leinogastric artery (supplies spleen and stomach)

Posterior mesenteric artery-supplies digitform gland and posterior intestine)

100
Q

The paired visceral branches of the aorta are those that supply the ______ and the ______

A

Gonads

Opisthonephros

101
Q

Inspiration

A

Floor of oral cavity drops, causing expansion of the oral, pharyngeal and branchial cavities. This reduced the pressure within these cavities causing spiracular valves to open and flaps to close. Pressure in oral cavity is negative to outside. Water is sucked in

102
Q

Expiration

A

Floor of oral cavity is raised. Pressure in cavities rises and exceeds outside. Cashing mouth and spiracular valve to close and water is actively pumped across the gills through branchial pouches. The flaps are forced open and water exits through gill slits

103
Q

Pattern of circulation in fish steps

A
  1. Heart receives all venous blood from body and is low in oxygen.
  2. Blood is pressurized by contraction and passes to hill capillaries located on aortic arch via the afferent branchial arteries, which are branches of ventral aorta.
  3. Blood leaves gills via efferent branchial arteries (high in oxygen)
  4. Efferent branchial converge to form dorsal aorta which gives rise to two branches: 1. Somatic-wall and appendages, 2. Visceral-organs.
  5. Caudally, dorsal aorta becomes caudal artery in tail region.
  6. Blood transforms to capillaries
  7. Collects in veins to return to heart via cardinal and abdominal venous systems
  8. Blood from tail enters renal portal system in the kidney and returns to heart via the posterior cardinal system
  9. Blood from gastrointestinal tract travels in the hepatic portal system to the liver and then to heart via hepatic sinuses

Lab for Vertebrates (9 decks)

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