Lab 4: Life In Water, Part 3 Flashcards
The coelom contains what
The body organs and viscera
Visceral organs
Digestive, respiratory, Urogenital, and circulatory systems
Organs in the coelom are characterized by
Changing their shape and volume while they function
I’m vertebrates, the coelom has at least two cavities: the larger, posterior cavity is ________ and the thinner is the _______
The wall of each cavity is lined with ______
What are they called on each cavity
Pleurpitoneal
Pericardial
Serosa: thin, shiny lubricated membrane that secretes watery fluid to lubricate the cavity walls
-parietal peritoneum
Parietal pericardium
The shiny covering on the organs is the ___________ and the ________
Visceral peritoneum
Visceral pericardium (heart surface)
Each organ is suspended from the wall of the coelom by a double thickness of serosa called a
Mesentery - hold viscera in place while allowing them to move without getting tangled out.
What can pass through mesenteries?
Short narrow mesenteries are called _______
Blood, lymphatic vessels and nerves
Ligaments
The pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities contact each other at a membrane known as the
Transfer septum
Septum forms a partition between the two cavities
Abdominal pores
Connection exits between coelom and outside
-release excess coelomic fluid or may be a remnant of an evolutionary stage when gametes where discharged directly into the coelom like lamprey
The liver accounts for how much of dog fish body weight
Up to 1/3
Gall bladder function and where the stuff goes
Stores greenish bold produced by the liver. The bile travels from the gall bladder to the intestine via bile duct (colourless tube parallel to a large yellow hepatic portal vein). The bile reaches the gall bladder from the live via the hepatic ducts.
Bile emulsified fats during digestion
Liver functions
-main site of metabolic conversion of absorbed nutrients
-excess sugar storage as glycogen
-proteins to keep osmotic balance
-delaminate amino acids to urea
-detoxify
-hydrostatic organ involved in buoyancy control: large oil storage reduced density
Esophagus connects what to what
Pharynx to stomach
The stomach bends sharply to the right and then again to the left. The part of the stomach between the esophagus and the curve to the rig he is the body and the bardo part between the two curves is the ______
Pylorus
Pyloric sphincter
Distal end of the pylorus and controls the passage of food between the stomach and intestine
Spleen
Not a digestive organ, but is in fact part of the lymphatic system and function in the production, degradation and storage of blood cells
At the caudal end of the pylorus, the digestive tract turns caudally and becomes the _______
Valvular intestine
Pancreas
Accessory digestive gland
-secreted digestive enzymes into the intestine to break down carbs, protein and fat
-secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate glucose
What connects the two lobes of the pancreas
Isthmus
The valvular intestine terminated in a short _______ which empties into the ______
Colon
Cloaca
Digitform gland
Empties into the Colin
Eliminates excess salt
What cavity are the gonads apart of
Pleuroperitoneal
Opithonephros
Primitive paired kidney type
-are retroperitoneal: lie behind the peritoneum and are not part of the content of the body cavity
Parts of the dorsal mesentery
Greater Omentum (Mesogaster): Dorsal mestenery passing from the mid-dorsal wall to the esophagus and stomach cranially
Gastrosplenic ligament : part between the the spleen and stomach
Mesentery proper: portion passing the intestine
Where is the mesentery proper attarches
Greater omentum instead of dorsal wall
The digitiform gland and the colon are suspended by part of the dorsal mesentery called a
Mesocolon
Ventral mesenteries parts
Most disappeared in adult dogfish except two small parts on the liver
Falciform ligament: between ventral wall and the liver
Other part lies between the liver, stomach and intestine
Cranial surface of the liver is attatched to the transverse septum by the
Coronary ligament
Mesorchium
Mesovarium
Mesotubarium
Supports each results
Supports each ovary
Suspends oviduct
Mesenteries
What lines interior of esophagus
What lines interior of stomach
Papillae
Rugae-smooth folds that permit expansion of the stomach and disappear when the stomach is distended with food.
The surface of the stomach along which the greater omentum attaches is the ______ and the opposite surface is the _______
Greater curvature
Lesser curvature
Spiral valve
Spiral turn fused to the wall of the intestine. Folds in proximal half turn one way and opposite in other half.
-slows passage of food in intestine to allow for proper digestion
-permits greater surface area for absorption
The wall of the pericardial sac is lined with a membrane called
The space where the heart lies is the
The shiny layer covering the surface of the heart is the
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium
The oral cavity and pharynx are lined with a tough membrane called the
Mucosa
Can the tongue move in sharks
No, no muscular to lift the tongue off the flier of the mouth.
Supported by hyoid arch
The pharyngeal entrance to the brachial pouch is guarded by numerous pointed
Gill rakers
Act as Steiner a to protect the delicate hill tissue and keep food in the pharynx
Each internal hill slit leads to a _______ the houses the gills
The full tissue is arranged in ______
Branchial pouch
Primary lamellae with secondary lamellae on them- sites of respiratory gas exchange
Parabranchial chamber
Small chamber where there is no gill lamellae and leads to the external hill slot
Inter branchial septum
What’s on them
Waht supports them
The tissue between each gill slit and branchial chamber that lies lateral to each hill arch
Supported by cartilaginous gill rays
Usually have hill lamellae on their cranial and caudal surfaces. If they do=holobranchs or complete gills, gill lamellae only on one surface =hemibranchs
Paudeobranch
Tiny hemibranch on the spiracular valve
The external gill slits can be closed by
Flap valves
On each inter branchial septum
The ______ is the branchial pouch between the Mandibular and hyoid arches
Spiracle
Gas exchange and hill ventilation
Gas exchange occurs between the blood that circulated through the gills and the water that passes through the secondary lamellae of the gills.
The water that passes through the gills flows in the opposite direction of the blood flow in the secondary lamellae (countercurrent flow) which ensures efficient extraction of oxygen from the water.
The Urogenital system includes what organs
Those involved in the excretion of waste, and those involved in perpetuation of life
In anamniote vertebrates (fish and amphibians), the adult kidney is an ________ type - what does that mean
What is it drained by
Opisthonephros -tubules numerous on posterior portion and so it is enlarged because that’s where most of the urine production occurs. The cranial part is thin, and produces little or no urine. Instead, in males it receives sperm. Runs nearly entire length of body and is retroperitoneal
Archinephric duct and additional posterior accessory ducts
What transports sperm in the male dogfish shark
What transports urine in males?
Archinephric duct
Accessory urinary duct
The functional kidney type of reptiles and mammals it the
Homologous to?
Metanephros type
-homologous to posterior portion of the Opisthonephros
-always drained by a ureter
-enters into cloaca or urinary bladder
-smaller
-have more nephrons
-higher filtration rate
Basic function of nephrons
Rid the body of nitrogenous waste created by breakdown of proteins as well as excess ions and other waste products and to reabsorbed necessary substances such as water and nutrients.
When amino acids are broken down they are excreted as ___,___, or ____
Ammonia - most aquatic organisms, lots of water needed
Urea - requires less water- terrestrial
Uric acid - birds and reptiles - insoluble in water requires least water
How does the shark deal with retaining nitrogenous waste
Raising osmotic pressure of their body fluids and reducing the tendency to lose water to the environment
During ovulation, eggs break through the wall of the follicle and the serosa which enclosed the ovary and enter the _______ briefly. Then transported to _____
Coelom
Oviduct
The oviducts fuse within the _______ to create one funnel shaped tube called the ______
Falciform ligament
Ostium tube- an ovulated egg passed into the ostium tube and then into one of the two oviducts
Nidamental gland
Candle
Cranial end of the oviduct is a swelling dorsal to the ovary. Sperm are stored here and fertilization takes place here. Can store sleek for several weeks.
Thin shell of collagen secreted around fertilized eggs in the nidamental gland
Uterus
Embryos develop within the uterus and in pregnant specimens it is greatly enlarged and well vascularized.
Oviducts enter the ______
The oviduct opening is located in the caudodorsal wall of the ______, ventral to the urinary papilla
Cloaca
Urodeum
Coprodeum
Oviducts and urinary papilla enter the Urogenital portion of the cloaca known as the urodeum.
Separated by a horizontal fold of tissue from the anterior fecal portion of the cloaca known as the coprodeum.
Urinary papilla
Final outlet for urine from the kidney. It is formed form the union of the Archinephric ducts into the urinary sinus.
The Archinephric drift carries ______in the female dogfish
All of the urine
Ductili efferentes role with sperm
Where does sperm go next
Spermatids produced in the testis is conveyed to the anterior part of the Opisthonephros through the mesorchium via minute tubules called ductility efferentes.
Then pass into the Archinephric duct
Remnant of sexually indifferent phase in dogfish
Remnants of the oviduct are present in the adult male as thin folds on either side of the Falciform ligament
Leydigs gland
Nephron tissue in the middle third of the kidney between the testes and the caudal excretory portion of the kidney
Kidney tubules secrete seminal fluid which is discharged into the Archinephric duct in what region
Leydgids gland
Seminal vesicles
Homologous to what?
Function?
Homologous with ductus deferens (vas deferens) of amniotes
Has a ventral diverticulum at posterior end called the sperm sac where sperm are stored.
The walls of both the seminal vesicles and sperm sac do what
Secrete substances which contribute to seminal fluid
The seminal vesicles and sperm sac unite causally to form the ______
The sinuses from each side then unite to forms a single _______
Urogenital sinus
Urogenital papilla
Do male dogfish have a horizontal fold to divide the cloaca
No- but feces exit in a more cranial and ventral position then urine and learn
Fertilization and development type of dogfish
INTERNAL
What is used to deposit sperm in dogfish
Claspers
-can be flexed 90° such that the anterior end of the clasper groove lies close to the outlet of the Urogenital papilla. Sperm transfer is assisted by the siphons sac, a thin-walled muscular sac which lies on the ventral surface of the pelvic fin.
Just prior to copulation, seawater is drawn into the siphon sac through the clasper groove. During mating. The male wraps body around the female, then flexes and inserts one clasper into the female cloaca and oviduct. Sharp spurs on the clasper apparently help to hold it in place. Speke released from the cloaca travel down the clasper groove while the siphons sac contracts to release seawater as well as secretions. The seawater assist in injecting the spermatids into the female tract while the secretion of serotonin induced contractions in the oviduct to propel spermatids upward to fertilization or sleek storage
Oviparity
Viviparity
Egg laying-most primitive mode of reproduction in cartilaginous fish
Aplacentral viviparity: some eyo grows in the uterus without placenta (DOGFISH). Nutrition comes from yolk of egg. Uterine villi that line uterine wall contact the yolk sac to permit gas exchange and nutrients.
Ovulation of Squalus
Early winter of every second year
2-3 mature eggs rupture the follicle and leave each ovary.
Eggs travel through the ostium tubae, down the oviduct and into the nidamental gland where they are fertilized. Development is in uterus.
Gestation of Squalus
22 months
Just before birth, the ________ yolk sac is used up but an _______ yolk sac is present as an energy reserve while the pup learns to hunt for food
Absorbed food molecules are taken from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for preceding via the
Hepatic portal system of veins
In animals with higher blood pressure, more fluid enters the tissues than can be drained by the veins and this excess fluid is taken up by the
Does squalid have this
Lymphatic capillaries as lymph and enters lymphatic vessels that drain into lager veins.
No
Portal veins
Take blood from one capillary bed to another (often one organ to another) and thus do not take blood directly back to the heart
Anastomosis
Blood vessel that is large than a capillary and that connects two vessels such as an artery and a vein
Pattern of circulation in fish
Single circuit-blood does not return to the heart after it is oxygenated
Means that blood pressure in fished is very low
Blood movement in dogfish heart and thickness
Venous blood returns to the sinus venosus then passes in sequence to the atrium, ventricle and conus arteriosus
Sinus venosus is thin walled and under little pressure
Atrium- intermediate thickness with diffident pressure to fill ventricle.
Ventricle-thick walled with enough pressure to get blood moving into the gills
Conus arteriosus-dampens pressure and evens the flow of blood to delicate gills
The venous system can be organized into what three major systems
- Systemic veins (paired): take blood directly back to the heart(sinus venosus) Includes cardinal and jugular venous system draining the head and trunk and the lateral abdominal venous system draining appendages
- Hepatic portal system: drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver
- Renal portal system: drains blood from the tail to the kidneys
Coronary veins
Drain the heart muscle and then enter the sinus venosus
Anterior and posterior cardinal sinuses
Drains the dorsal region of head
Drains the trunk dorsal to the lateral line as well as kidneys and gonads (enlargement of posterior cardinal vein)
Common cardinal vein
Anterior and posterior cardinal sinuses drain into the common cardinal vein which drains into the sinus venosus
Inferior jugular veins
Paired veins that drain the floor of the branchial region
Hypoidean sinus
Inferior jugular and anterior dark Dal sinus are connected here
Lateral abdominal veins
Where and what drains into them
Long veins on the lateral surface of the abdominal walls
Cloacal vein and femoral vein (pelvic appendage) drain into this on either due
Brachial vein
Drain the pectoral fin and eventually empties into the common cardinal
What drains the liver
System of veins which come together to form large hepatic sinuses which drain into the sinus venosus as paired hepatic veins.
Hepatic portal system
Takes blood from the orange of the digestive system and delivers it to the liver. Once in the liver, the hepatic portal vein breaks up into smaller and smaller vessels, eventually capillaries. The function is to take nutrients absorbed from the digestive system to the liver for modification and processing.
What 3 veins forms the hepatic portal vein (left to right)
Gastric vein, leinomessnteric vein, pancreaticomesenteric vein
Renal portal system beginning and end
Capillaries of the tail
Capillaries of the kidney
Numerous small vessels, the ________ branch from the renal portal vein and enter the kidney tissue
Numerous _________ drain the Opisthonephros into the posterior cardinal vein
Afferent renal veins
Efferent renal veins (efferent renal veijs and posterior cardinals are systemic veins, not renal portal)
Two circuits in the arterial system
Branchial circulation - distributed blood to the gills for oxygenation
Systemic circulation - distributed blood to the rest of the body
Heart-gills->body blood then returns to the heart in the systemic veins
Most of the blood flows to the caudal part of the body in the dorsal aorta, but a small ___________ artery branches from the second efferent branchial and takes blood to________
Pharyngoesophageal
Roof of the pharynx and esophagus
Within the branchial pouches, a series of four and one half ________ collect oxygenated blood from the hill lamellae then pass It to the efferent branchial arteries
Collector loops
Circular arteries that surround the internal gill slits of the cranial four branchial pouches
The last one is incomplete because the caudal wall of that pouch lacks hill lamellae
Several vessels extend from the first collector loop
Hyoidean efferent artery-merges with paired dorsal aorta to fork internal carotid artery: supplies brain
Stapedial artery-supplies orbit and snout
Afferent spiracular artery-supplies pseudobranch on spiracular valve
Efferent spiracular artery-brain
External captured artery-supples the tongue and floor of mouth
Vessels extending from second collector loop
Hypobrnachial artery- supplies hypobranchial muscles but splits to form coronary artery (supplies heart muscle) and pericardial artery (supplies the dorsal wall of the pericardial cavity)
The conus arteriosus leaves the heart and flows into the _______. The ventral aorta gives off _____ pairs of un-injected afferent brachial arteries whatcha take blood to _____
Ventral aorta
5
Each of the branchial arches that bear gills
The systemic circulation consists of the _______ and its ___ that supply the body with ___blood
Dorsal aorta
Branches
Oxygenated
four unpaired visceral branches of the dorsal aorta and what they supply
Celiac artery- Pleuroperitoneal cavity
-divides to form Gastrohepatic and pancreaticomesenteric arteries
-gastrohepatic divided into hepatic artery and gastric artery (stomach)
-pancreaticomesenteric artery travels to intestine where it is called the anterior intestinal artery
Anterior mesenteric artery (left side of intestine) and becomes the posture or intestinal artery
Leinogastric artery (supplies spleen and stomach)
Posterior mesenteric artery-supplies digitform gland and posterior intestine)
The paired visceral branches of the aorta are those that supply the ______ and the ______
Gonads
Opisthonephros
Inspiration
Floor of oral cavity drops, causing expansion of the oral, pharyngeal and branchial cavities. This reduced the pressure within these cavities causing spiracular valves to open and flaps to close. Pressure in oral cavity is negative to outside. Water is sucked in
Expiration
Floor of oral cavity is raised. Pressure in cavities rises and exceeds outside. Cashing mouth and spiracular valve to close and water is actively pumped across the gills through branchial pouches. The flaps are forced open and water exits through gill slits
Pattern of circulation in fish steps
- Heart receives all venous blood from body and is low in oxygen.
- Blood is pressurized by contraction and passes to hill capillaries located on aortic arch via the afferent branchial arteries, which are branches of ventral aorta.
- Blood leaves gills via efferent branchial arteries (high in oxygen)
- Efferent branchial converge to form dorsal aorta which gives rise to two branches: 1. Somatic-wall and appendages, 2. Visceral-organs.
- Caudally, dorsal aorta becomes caudal artery in tail region.
- Blood transforms to capillaries
- Collects in veins to return to heart via cardinal and abdominal venous systems
- Blood from tail enters renal portal system in the kidney and returns to heart via the posterior cardinal system
- Blood from gastrointestinal tract travels in the hepatic portal system to the liver and then to heart via hepatic sinuses
