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Lab for Vertebrates > Lab 3: Life In Water Part 2 > Flashcards

Lab 3: Life In Water Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The branchiomeric muscles are what type of muscle and attached where

A

Visceral muscles

Attached to the visceral skeleton and associated with the hill arches, and their derivatives (Mandibular, hyoid, and branchial arches)

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2
Q

The branchiomeric muscles can be divided into muscles associated with what 3 areas?

A

Mandibular arch

Hyoid arch

Five branchial arches

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3
Q

5 Mandibular arch muscles

A

Adductor Mandibulae
Levator palatoquadrati
Spiracularis
Preorbitalis
Intermandibularis

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4
Q

The large muscle mass at the articulation of the palatoquadrate and the Mandibular cartilage (jaw joints is the _____

A

Adductor mandibulae

Powerful jaw closing muscle

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5
Q

Dorsal to the adductor mandibulae, rostral to the spiracle, lying atop the spiracular valve is a small muscle mass that contains two muscles:

A

Rostral mass: Levator palatoquadrati
-elevators the palatoquadrate

Spiracularis (inserts on cranial wall of the spiracle)
-closes spiracle

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6
Q

Which muscle is found underneath the eye

A

Preorbitalis

Acts to pull the jaws forward (protract)
-adios in feeding by ext ending the jaws outward toward the prey or to pick up food from the substrate in bottom feeders

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7
Q

Intermandibularis is found where and does what

A

Arises from the Mandibular cartilage and inserts into connective tissue

Elevated the floor of the oral cavity

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8
Q

Hyoid arch muscles

A

Interhypideus
Dorsal and ventral hyoid constrictors
Levator hyomandibulae

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9
Q

Levator hyomandibulae
-location
-function

A

-caudal to spiracle and dorsal to adductor mandibulae
-merges and is difficult to separate from caudal dorsal hyoid constrictor

-Elevates the hyomandibula and jaw

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10
Q

Dorsal hyoid constrictor
-location

Function of dorsal and ventral hyoid constrictor

A

Caudal to the Levator
-continuous ventrally with the ventral hyoid constrictor

Compress the first branchial chamber

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11
Q

Ventral hyoid constrictor is continuous rostral lay with the

A

Interhyoideus

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12
Q

Interhyoideus
-location
-function

A

-beneath Intermandibularis
-elevates the floor of the oral cavity

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13
Q

Branchial arch muscles

A

Superficial constrictors
Inter branchial
Branchial adductor
Interarcuals
Cucullaris

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14
Q

The branchial arch muscles are responsible for _______

They are divided how?

A

Operating the five functional branchial arches (visceral arches 3-7)

Levator group- elevates the hill apparatuses
Constrictor group- compressed the branchial region
Interarcual group- extends between elements of a single branchial arch or between adjacent arches and brings these parts closer

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15
Q

The Levators of the branchial arches have fused into a single muscle called a

-function
-homologous to….

A

Cucullaris

-triangular muscle
-homologous with trapezius, and sternocleidomastoid muscles of mammals
-draw the pectoral girdle and fin cranially and elevates the full apparatus

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16
Q

Constrictor group of branchial arch muscles

A

Includes dorsal and ventral branchial constrictors and the interbranchial muscles

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17
Q

Both the cranial and caudal faces of the full pouch have finger-like _______

A

Gill lamellae arranged in a tan shape on them

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18
Q

Function of the dorsal and ventral branchial constrictors

A

Serve to compress the branchial pouches to aid in expelling water

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19
Q

The inter branchial muscles are ______ in colour, and are arranged in a _______ pattern running between gill rays, and underneath the hill lamellae

A

Yellow

Circular

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20
Q

The contraction of the interbrachial brings together the __________

A

Gills rays to squeeze water from between the gill lamellae during expulsion of the respiratory current

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21
Q

Interarcuals include what

A

Branchial adductor (dorsal and ventral)
Lateral and dorsal Interarcuals

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22
Q

Function of Interarcuals

A

Bring adjacent branchial arches together and help to compress the branchial pouches

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23
Q

Ventral branchial adductors
Dorsal branchial adductors

function

A

Decrease angle between epibranchial and ceratobrancial

Decrease angle between pharyngobranchual and epibranchial

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24
Q

Lateral and dorsal Interarcuals function

A

Draw skjelton elements of successive branchial arches together

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25
Two major divisions of the nervous system
Central - brain and spinal cord Peripheral -cranial and spinal nerves
26
The spinal cord has a central _______ and the brain has _____ chambers, the _______, all of which are filled with ________
Canal Hollow Ventricles Cerebrospinal
27
Cranial nerves originate from the ______ and exit through _______ Spinal nerves originate from the ________
Brain Foramina holes in chondrocranium Spinal cord segmentally, with a pair of spinal nerves generally associated with each body segment (vertebra)
28
Sharks smelling
Highly developed sense of smell (olfaction) -guides them to their prey
29
Shark noses and process of smelling
Naris - water enters the incurrent aperature (lateral openings) and passing into the organ of olfaction called the olfactory sac. The water then exits though the more medial opening, the excurrent aperature. Thin flap-like valve prevents water from entering the excurrent aperture
30
Olfactory lamellae
Interior of the olfactory sac -highly folded -provide a very large surface area for the olfactory epithelium containing the olfactory cells.
31
Advantages of shark smelling and nerves
The axons of the olfactory neurons that detect odious travel together as a very short olfactory nerve to pass the signal on to the brain
32
Lateral line system of fishes and larval amphibians purpose
Senses low frequency disturbances in the water Allows fish to detect pressure waves created when objects make waves or disturbances in the water as they move or when waves created by the fishes own movement are reflected back to them from distant objects Allows for non vision capture
33
Lateral line system includes what
Series of canals which usually lie beneath the skin -canals open to the surface through a series of pores and are filled with fluid (sea water in marine species) All over head but main canal runs down entire length of the trunk between epaxial and hypaxial muscles
34
The specialized receptors of the lateral line system are called ______
Neuromasts In canals
35
The ampullary organs are modified ______ organs
Lateral line
36
Ampullae
Elongate, vase-shaped, jelly filled tubes that have a swelling at the base and open at the surface of the skin via pores Receptors in the swollen base (ampulla) Primary function of the ampullae of Lorenzini is electroreception: respond to bio electric fields such as those generated by mucus secretion and the muscular activity of prey.
37
Each ampulla is supplied with a tiny branch of the _______
Facial cranial nerve
38
Paired lateral eyes are present in all vertebrates unless
They have been secondarily lost such as blind cave fish
39
Why don’t aquatic animals have extensive eyelids
Water keeps their eyes moist and clean
40
The shiny inner membranous lining between the eye and the eyelid is the _______
Conjunctiva
41
The eye is considered to be composed of ____ layers called _____ What are they
3 Tunics Fibrous tunic Vascular tunic (Choroid) Inner tunic
42
Fibrous tunic parts
Outermost: fibrous tunic- string fibrous connective tissue Cornea: allow light in the eye -front portion of the fibrous tunic sclera: contains cartilage to provide support to the eye. Caudal portion of the fi our tunic and is grey (like white of our eye)
43
Vascular tunic or choroid Functions and oarts
-black in colour -provide blood supply to the eye and to absorb excess light that could blue the image Pigmented isis with pupil -smooth muscles control iris to open or close pupil Ciliary body interior to iris -attached to lens which focuses the light raya onto the retina
44
Inner tunic parts
Retina- whitish layer at the back of the eye containing microscopic photoreceptors called rods and cones. Where the nerve fibers of retina converge at the back of the eye is the optic disc or blind spot (no photoreceptors)
45
3 chambers of the internal eye and their locations
Anterior: between cornea and iris Posterior: between iris and lens Vitreous: posterior to the lens
46
3 chambers of the eye and their functions
Anterior and posterior chambers -filled with a watery fluid called aqueous humor. Vitreous chamber -filled with gelatinous material called vitreous humor -supports lens and helps keep the retina in place at the back of the eye
47
Water vs land eye
Water -cornea does not greatly focus light rays into retina so it is nearly flat. (No need to bend light since water does) -lens is spherical, very rough and does not accommodate for near or far vision -tapetum lucidum: reflects some light onto retina with guanine crystals. In bright light these are covered by cytoplasmic extensions to cover the mirror to reduce its reflective capacity Land -cornea is round shaped and bends light -lens is flattened and flexible to adjust to near or far vision -tapetum to reflect light back onto retina but without guanine crystals
48
The extrinsic eye muscles are _____ small axial muscles which do what
6 Move the eye
49
Extrinsic eye muscles -muscle -origin -Insertion -innervation -action
Dorsal rectus -orbit -dorsal surface of eye -oculomotor nerve (3) -elevates eye Ventral rectus -orbit -ventral surface of eye -oculomotor nerve 3 -depresses eye Medial rectus -orbit -medial surface of eye -oculomotor nerve 3 -medically rotates (adducts) eye Lateral rectus -orbit -lateral surface of eye -abducens nerve (6) -laterally rotates (abducts) eye Dorsal oblique -orbit -dorsal surface of eye -trochlear nerve (4) -rotates eye about longitudinal axis Ventral oblique -orbit -ventral surface of eye -oculomotor nerve 3 -rotates eye about longitudinal axis
50
Acousticolateralis system
Inner eye -detects movements of fluid in the ear caused by the sharks own body movements -related to lateral line
51
The inner ear consists of a delicate cartilaginous system of ducts and sacs called _______, which functions in both _____ and _____
Membranous labyrinth Hearing and balance
52
Membranous labyrinth is filled with a ______and ______
Watery fluid called Endo lymph Also floats in fluid called perilymph
53
The inner ear consists of 3 ________and 3 ________
Semicircular ducts (two vertical and one horizontal) Sacs - sacculus
54
Anterior and posterior vertical semicircular canals
Channels that contain the camparavke semicircular ducts of the membranous labyrinth
55
Each semicircular duct bears a swelling, _______ What do the semicircular ducts do
Ampulla and it’s ventral attachment Detect rotational/ angular movements in space. The Endo lymph fluid inside the canals lags behind when the shark moved the body. The lagging causes sensory structures in the ampullae to move, which sends a signal to the brain
56
The sacculus contains a sensory organ called
Macula Detects the position of the head as well as linear acceleration of the body
57
The macula contains a bed of ______ called an ________ which are embedded in an gelatinous matrix. In Squalus, the otolith contains what?
Crystals Otolith Sand grains
58
Water vs land comparison of the war
In water, must detect water disturbances caused by underwater sources of sound. Sound waves in water have 2 components: low frequency displacement waves (closer to sound) , and higher frequency pressure waves (farther from sound)
59
The most dorsal structure of the brain is the ______
Body of the cerebellum
60
5 divisions of the brain and their order from top to bottom
Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon
61
Telencephalon structures, nerves and cranial nerve distribution
Most rostral region Olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, cerebral hemispheres (where smell is interpreted) , ventricles 1 and 2 Olfactory (1) nerve Olfactory epithelium
62
Diencephalon structures, cranial nerves and cranial nerve distribution
Below cerebral hemispheres Epithalamus (olfactory Center) thalamus (relay from cerebrum to other places) hypothalamus (integrating area for visceral activity-endocrine and autonomic system) Tela choroidea (secretes cerebrospinal fluid-shock absorber, provides nutrients, maintains constant ionic environment) 3rd ventricle Optic nerve 2 Retina
63
Mesencephalon structures, cranial nerves and cranial nerve distribution
Optic lobes ( visual reflexes contained in the lobes ) Oculomotor 3 nerve and trochelar nerve 4 Ventral oblique, ventral rectus, medial rectus and dorsal rectus muscles Dorsal oblique muscles
64
Metencephalon structures
Body of the cerebellum and auricular lobes of the cerebellum Coordinate skeletal muscle activity and integrate the activity with balance and body position from the inner ear
65
Elongated region of the brain, continuous with the spinal cord is the ….
Medulla oblongata part of the myelencephalon Contains vital centres controlling feeding, swallowing and respiratory rate and heart rate. Contains 4th ventricle
66
Cranial nerves associated with myelencephalon
Trigeminal (skin over head) Abducens (lateral rectus muscle) Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus (visceral and lateral branch)
67
There are how many pairs of cranial breezes in fish and amphibians? How many in amniotes
10 12
68
The cranial nerves originate from the ______ and most travel to structures in the _____ How are they labeled
Brain Head Roman numerals in the order they appear from cranial to caudal
69
Olfactory nerve
Olfactory nerve (1) Takes sensory impulses from olfactory sac to olfactory bulb
70
Optic nerve
Oltic nerve (2) Takes impulses from the receptors of the retina to the diencephalon Thick, whitish nerve
71
Oculomotor nerve
Oculomotor nerve 3 Innervated 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles Thin, yellowish strand
72
Trochlear nerve
Trochlear nerve 4 Dorsal surface of eye (dorsal oblique muscle)
73
Trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal nerve (5) Branch 1: superficial ophthalmic branch -skin over dorsal and lateral surface of head Branch 2: Deep ophthalmic branch: skin over the top and sides of the head, sensory fibers from the eye Branch 3: Maxillary branch: akin on underside of rostrum and upper jaw ( part of infra orbital nerve) Branch 4: Mandibular branch: Mandibualr muscles as well as the skin on the lower jaw Associated with Mandibular arch (visceral arch 1)
74
Abducens nerve
Abducens nerve 6 Last to innervate eye muscles Lateral rectus muscle
75
Facial nerve
Facial nerve 7 Associates with hyoid arch, spiracle and lateral line in head region) Branch 1: Superficial ophthalmic branch: Skin over dorsal and lateral head, lateral line, ampullae of Lorenzini Branch 2: Infraoribital nerve (Buccal branch): lateral line and ampullae of Lorenzini over upper jaw and under rostrum Branch 3: Hyomandibular branch: hyoid muscles, lining of mouth, lateral line organs on skin over lower jaw
76
Vestibulocochear nerve
Vestibulocochealer nerve 8 Inner ear
77
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve 9 Branchial nerve of first full pouch (3rd visceral arch) Branch 1: Pre-trematic branch: anterior wall of the first branchial pouch Branch 2: post-termatic branch: caudal wall of the first branchial pouch
78
Vagus nerve
Vagus nerve 10 Largest cranial nerve -supplies branchial arches 4-7, the heart, and digestive system Branch 1: Visceral Branch or intestinal branch (branchial branches 1-4 and branchial pocuhes 2-5 -travels down esophagus Branch 2: Lateral branch: most of the lateral line canal
79
Occipital and Hypobranchial nerves
Not cranial nerves!!!! They do not originate entirely within the cranial cavity They emerge from the back of the chondrocranium below the vagus nerve
80
Once the occipital nerves (2-3) and the first several spinal nerves are United they nerve is called…..
Hypobranchial nerve Can be see in anterior cardinal sinus
81
The hypobranchial nerve with its spinal and occipital branches is homologous to the __________ of amniotes
12th cranial nerve called the hypoglossal nerve

Lab for Vertebrates (9 decks)

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