Lab 4 Flashcards
what does the term opisthokonts refer to?
refers to the flagellum that is present at some point in the life cycle. If it’s present, it is singular and posterior
- DNA sequence also support the relationship
what are fungi?
made of chitin and live by absorptive heterotrophy
- used for food (cheese, beer & bread, and soy sauce), symbiotic relationship with plant roots & bacteria, used for antibiotics (Penicillin), cause disease (smuts, rusts, athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast infections)
- help plants absorb nutrients, break down organic material, and make nutrients available for other organisms
what are the size differences of fungi?
unicellular yeast to filamentous structure made from branching hyphae. single cell to giant mycelium
what is the zygospore fungi?
bread mold. they grow by elongating hyphae -> mass of hyphae form mycelium. hyphae are coenocytic (cells may be multinucleate without clear division). spores produced by mature sporangia
what is life cycle of zygospore?
spore land and grow into new hypha (+/- form) -> two different grow toward each other and fuse to form two gametangia -> gametangia fuse in plasmogamy (produce zygosporangium with two haploid nuclei) -> fusion of nuclei called karyogamy -> diploid zygote -> zygospore -> undergo meiosis
what are sac fungi (ascomycota)?
sexual spores called ascospores (produced in sci that are found in ascot (fruiting body- only part visible)
- Ex: yeast, fungi in lichen, and Penicillin
what are club fungi (Basidiomycota)?
mushrooms (fruiting body) -> two hyphae from two mating types fuse but two haploid nuclei stay distinct -> cells go through mitosis and form hypha (dirkaryotic hypha) -> hypha grow into mushroom (basidioma) -> stalk and cap are masses of hypha -> underside of cap has gills (thin filaments that hold basidia that produce spores)
- Karyogamy on gills form diploid zygote -> meiosis
what is diploblastic animals?
animals with radial symmetry and include Cnidarians, placozoans, and ctenophores. have two tissue layers (endoderm and ectoderm) with one opening
what Is bilaterians?
have bilateral symmetry and have cephalization. have three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) -> triploblastic. have two openings
- divided into Protostomes and Deuterostomes (based on what blastopore becomes during development)
- in protostomes, become mouth & in deuterostomes become anus
what do triploblastic animals also have?
coelom cavity. no coelom (acoelomate), coelom not fully line (pseudocoelomates), full coelom (coelomates)
how are protostomes further divided?
Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
- Lophotrochozoa have features involving cilia, lophophore and trochophore
- Ecdysozoa have animals that go through ecdysis/moltng process
what specialized cell do sponges have?
collar cell/choanocyte (similar to choanoflagellates)
what are protostomes?
include all arthropods (mollusks, annelids, and smaller phyla). have determinate cleavage (fate of cells determined very early). mesoderm develop as mass of cells near blastopore. have coelom
what are deuterostomes?
have indeterminate cleavage (fate of cells not determined early). mesoderm form as outpockets of gut (pinch off archenteron) => chordates and echinoderms
what are the classes of mollusks?
basic mollusk, gastropods (snails), chitons, cephalopods (squids), and bivalves (clams)
what is difference between plasmogamy and karyogamy?
plasmogamy: fusion of cytoplasm but two nuclei stay distinct
karyogamy: fusion of nuclei
