Lab 3 - Skeletal and Nervous System Flashcards
Connective Tissue That is involved in Muscle Structure
- Fascia: thin covering of connective tissue around muscles
- Tendon: cord like mass of connective tissue which connects muscle to bone
- Aponeurosis: sheet like mass of connective tissue which connects a muscle to bone, skin or another muscle
- Epimysium: surrounds the whole muscle and lies beneath the fascia
- Perimysium: surrounds the fascicles within a muscle
- Endomysium: surrounds the muscle fibers within a fascicle
Muscle structure from smallest to largest
- Got thick and thin filaments; myosin and actin, which interact to cause muscle contractions
- Myofibrils: organelles which cause contractions and are in bundle form of Actin and myosin
- Muscle fibers / Myofibers: many myofibrils covered by the sarcolemma membrane which is then covered by a layer of connective tissue known as the endomysium;
○ which helps electrically insulate the muscle cells from each other and allow for more precise movement - Fascicle: many myofibers bundled together to form a muscle cell which is then covered by perimysium
- Fascicles are bundled together to form the entire muscle and is covered in epimysium,
- The fascia covers all of this
- The fascia, epimysium, endomysium and perimysium then extends past the muscle and connects to the bone to form a tendon
Parts of a Muscle Cell(fiber)
- Sarcolemma: cell membrane of muscle fiber
- Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of muscle fiber
- Myofibrils: organelles in cells containing actin and myosin filaments
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: stores calcium and covers each myofibril
- Transverse tubule: relays electrical impulses to the SR
- Triad: unit consisting of 1 T tubule and 2 SR cisternae
Parts of a Sarcomere
- Consist of sarcomeres connected in striation patterns
○ I band: lIght band composed of only Actin filaments
○ A Band is the dArk band composed of myosin filaments
○ H Zone: center of A band which has only myosin filaments
○ Z line(disc): the sarcomere boundary where the center of I band anchors actin filaments in place
- M Line: the center of the A Band(H Zone) where myosin filaments are anchored
Roles of Muscles:
Prime mover: muscle creating concentric contraction
- Synergist: muscles involved in stabilizing and assisting in contraction
- Antagonist: muscle that opposes the prime mover and lengthens
Attachment points of Muscles:
- Origins: attachment points which bind to the immovable bones
- Insertions: attachment points which move the bone towards the origin
NS Image 1
Multipolar neuron
- Axon
- Multiple dendrites
- Soma
- Nucleus(nucleolus)
NS Image 2
- Posterior root ganglion sensory neuron
a. Nerve fibers
b. Sensory cell bodies
NS Image 3:
- Neuroglia
a. astrocyte
b. Blood vessel
NS Image 4
- Longtitudinal section of a nerve fiber
a. Node of ranvier
b. Schwarm cell
c. Myelinated sheath of schwarm cell
d. Axon nerve fiber
NS Image 5
- Cross section of nerve fiber:
a. Perineuronium connective tissue
b. Endoneuronium
c. Axon nerve fiber
d. Neurilemma of Schwarm cell
e. Myelinated sheath
Spinal Cord Parts: Superior View
○ Meninges
§ Dura mater
§ Arachnoid mater
§ Pia mater
○ Subarachnoid space
○ Central canal
○ Posterior root
○ Posterior root ganglian
○ Anterior root
○ Denticulate ligaments
○ White matter
§ Anterior, posterior, lateral funiculus
○ Grey matter
§ Anterior, posterior, lateral horn
Layers of the Meninges
- Dura
- Subdural space
- Arachnoid
- Subarachnoid space
- pia
Stages in a Reflex Arch
- Receptor: location of the stimulus at the PNS site
- Sensory Neuron: conducts impulses from receptor to the CNS
- Integration Center: the brain or spinal cord where synapses occur with interneurons
- Motor neuron: conducts impulses from the integration center to the effector
- Effector: a muscle or gland which responds with a contraction or secretion
Difference between the Plantar and Babinski Reflex
- Planatar reflex is applying hard pressure over the sole from heel to toes
- This causes a flexion of the toes and plantarflexion of the foot
- Babinski reflex is when the toes spread apart and the big toe dorsiflexes
- This is normal in infants until their nerve fibers have completely myelinated
Parts of a Sheep Brain: lateral view
- Cerebrum
- Corpus callosum
- Lateral ventricle
- Thalamus
- Pineal gland
- Midbrain
- Cerebellum
- Spinal cord
○ Central canal - Medulla oblongata
- Pons
- Mammillary body
- Hypothalamus
- Fornix
- Optic chiasma
- Septum pellucidum
- Olfactory bulb
Parts of a sheep brain: inferior view
- Olfactory bulb
- Optic Chiasma
- Optic tract
- Optic nerve
- Pituitary stalk
- Mammilary body
- Oculomotor nerve
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Trochlear nerve
- Abducens nerve
- Medulla oblongata
- Spinal cord
Cranial Nerves:
I - Olfactory: sense of smell
II - optic: sense of sight
III - oculomotor: movement and blinking of eyes
IV - trochlear: moving eyes up and down
V - trigemial: nerves to facial muscle and mastication muscles
VI - abducens: nerves to muscles in the eye
VII - facial: nerves to facial muscles
VIII vestibulocochlear: nerves for hearing and equilibrium
IX - Glossopharyngeal: nerves for muscles in swallowing and taste
X - Vagus: nerves for heart, larynth and gastro tract
XI - Accessory: nerves for neck muscles
XII - Hypoglossal: nerves for movement of tongue
3 Touch Tests
Touch tactile Localization:
- the brain interprets the touch receptor field in the primary somatosensory cortex
- Determines how if a person can determine where they have been touched
Two Point Threshold:
- Tests the persons ability to recognize the difference between one or two points of skin being stimulated simultaneously
Sense of Temperature:
- Investigate the distribution of warm thermoreceptors in the persons skin
5 Vision tests:
- Visual Acuity Test: measures the sharpness of vision using a snellen eye chart
- Compared to a normal eye reading from 20 feet away - Astigmatism Test:
- Astigmatism is a condition resulting from a defective curvature in the cornea or lens leading to blurried images
- Using an astigmatism chart, if any of the lijes appear darker, and others more blurry it would indicate astigmatism in those degrees - Accommodation Test:
- tests the changing of the shape of the lens when the normal eye is focused for the near
- Involves holding a card with a meter stick and measuring until what distance is it clear or blurry - Color Vision Tests:
- Determines whether people lack certain cones, usually ones sensitive to reds and greens - Blink Spot Demonstration:
- Determines where an individuals blind spot is as there are no photoreceptors in the optic disc
- Involves holding a card up to your face with a circle and cross, and moving the card closer until it disappears
4 Hearing Tests
Auditory Acuity Test:
- Person closes their eyes and a sound stick is hit and you move it further away from their ear until they cant hear it anymore
Sound Localization:
- Determining how good they can pick up where the sound is coming from
- Hitting a sound stick and putting it at a random position around their head and they have to guess
Rinne Test:
- Done to assess possible conduction deafness by comparing bone and air conduction
- Hit a tuning fork and place the handle on the mastoid process, if no sound is experienced, nerve deafness exists
Weber Test:
- Used to distinguise possible conduction or sensory deafness
- Strike the tuning fork and place it on the forehead and see if sound is heard louder in one ear or not
- Hearing is normal if sound is spread evenly between ears
Structure of the Eye: lateral view
- Cornea
- Anterior cavity
- Iris
- Pupil
- Lens
- Suspensory ligaments
- Ciliary body
- Vitreous humor
- Fovea centralis
- Optic disc
- Optic nerve
- Retina
- Choroid
- Sclera
Anterior Forearm Muscles
medial to lateral:
- brachioradialis
- flexor carpi radialis
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- pronator teres (AB)
Posterior Forearm Muscles
Medial to Lateral:
- Brachioradialis
- extensor carpi radialis longus
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
- extensor digitorum
- extensor digit minimi
- extensor carpi ulnaris
- flexor carpi ulnaris
Lateral Head/Neck Muscles
- temporalis
- occipitalis
- masseter
- buccinator
- Sternocleidomastoid
- scalenes(anterior, middle, posterior)
Anterior Head/Neck Muscles
- Frontalis
- orbicularis oculi
- zygomatic minor(hidden under eye muscle)
- zygomatic major
- orbicularis oris
- mentalis(cut)
- Platysma
Posterior Head/Neck Muscles
- Occipitalis
- Sternocleidomastoid
- splenius capitis
- Levator Scapulae
- Trapezius
Muscles Of Posterior Upper Body and Upper Limbs
- trapezius
- deltoid
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- teres major
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Triceps Brachii
Muscles of Anterior Upper Body and Upper Limb
- Trapezius
- Pectoralis Major
- deltoid
- pec Minor
- coracobrachialis
- Brachialis
- Biceps Brachii
Abdominal Muscles
- rectus abdominus(verticle)
- external obliques(lateral top to medial down)
- internal obliques(lateral down to medial top)
- transverse abdominus(lateral fibers)
Muscles of Anterior Hip
- Sartorius(medial band)
- tensor fasciae latae(lateral band)
- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus medialis
- vastus medialis(deep)
- gracilis
Muscles of Posterior Hip
- gluteus medialis
- gluteus maximus
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
- gracilis
- gluteus minimus(deep)
- piriformis(deep)
Muscles in Posterior Leg
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
Muscles in Anterior Leg
- Anterior Tibialis
- Extensor Digitorum Longus(next to long fascia)
