Lab 3 - Skeletal and Nervous System Flashcards
Connective Tissue That is involved in Muscle Structure
- Fascia: thin covering of connective tissue around muscles
- Tendon: cord like mass of connective tissue which connects muscle to bone
- Aponeurosis: sheet like mass of connective tissue which connects a muscle to bone, skin or another muscle
- Epimysium: surrounds the whole muscle and lies beneath the fascia
- Perimysium: surrounds the fascicles within a muscle
- Endomysium: surrounds the muscle fibers within a fascicle
Muscle structure from smallest to largest
- Got thick and thin filaments; myosin and actin, which interact to cause muscle contractions
- Myofibrils: organelles which cause contractions and are in bundle form of Actin and myosin
- Muscle fibers / Myofibers: many myofibrils covered by the sarcolemma membrane which is then covered by a layer of connective tissue known as the endomysium;
○ which helps electrically insulate the muscle cells from each other and allow for more precise movement - Fascicle: many myofibers bundled together to form a muscle cell which is then covered by perimysium
- Fascicles are bundled together to form the entire muscle and is covered in epimysium,
- The fascia covers all of this
- The fascia, epimysium, endomysium and perimysium then extends past the muscle and connects to the bone to form a tendon
Parts of a Muscle Cell(fiber)
- Sarcolemma: cell membrane of muscle fiber
- Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of muscle fiber
- Myofibrils: organelles in cells containing actin and myosin filaments
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: stores calcium and covers each myofibril
- Transverse tubule: relays electrical impulses to the SR
- Triad: unit consisting of 1 T tubule and 2 SR cisternae
Parts of a Sarcomere
- Consist of sarcomeres connected in striation patterns
○ I band: lIght band composed of only Actin filaments
○ A Band is the dArk band composed of myosin filaments
○ H Zone: center of A band which has only myosin filaments
○ Z line(disc): the sarcomere boundary where the center of I band anchors actin filaments in place
- M Line: the center of the A Band(H Zone) where myosin filaments are anchored
Roles of Muscles:
Prime mover: muscle creating concentric contraction
- Synergist: muscles involved in stabilizing and assisting in contraction
- Antagonist: muscle that opposes the prime mover and lengthens
Attachment points of Muscles:
- Origins: attachment points which bind to the immovable bones
- Insertions: attachment points which move the bone towards the origin
NS Image 1
Multipolar neuron
- Axon
- Multiple dendrites
- Soma
- Nucleus(nucleolus)
NS Image 2
- Posterior root ganglion sensory neuron
a. Nerve fibers
b. Sensory cell bodies
NS Image 3:
- Neuroglia
a. astrocyte
b. Blood vessel
NS Image 4
- Longtitudinal section of a nerve fiber
a. Node of ranvier
b. Schwarm cell
c. Myelinated sheath of schwarm cell
d. Axon nerve fiber
NS Image 5
- Cross section of nerve fiber:
a. Perineuronium connective tissue
b. Endoneuronium
c. Axon nerve fiber
d. Neurilemma of Schwarm cell
e. Myelinated sheath
Spinal Cord Parts: Superior View
○ Meninges
§ Dura mater
§ Arachnoid mater
§ Pia mater
○ Subarachnoid space
○ Central canal
○ Posterior root
○ Posterior root ganglian
○ Anterior root
○ Denticulate ligaments
○ White matter
§ Anterior, posterior, lateral funiculus
○ Grey matter
§ Anterior, posterior, lateral horn
Layers of the Meninges
- Dura
- Subdural space
- Arachnoid
- Subarachnoid space
- pia
Stages in a Reflex Arch
- Receptor: location of the stimulus at the PNS site
- Sensory Neuron: conducts impulses from receptor to the CNS
- Integration Center: the brain or spinal cord where synapses occur with interneurons
- Motor neuron: conducts impulses from the integration center to the effector
- Effector: a muscle or gland which responds with a contraction or secretion
Difference between the Plantar and Babinski Reflex
- Planatar reflex is applying hard pressure over the sole from heel to toes
- This causes a flexion of the toes and plantarflexion of the foot
- Babinski reflex is when the toes spread apart and the big toe dorsiflexes
- This is normal in infants until their nerve fibers have completely myelinated
