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A&P 1 > Chapter 5 - Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue:

A

a group of cells that are not identical but are similar in structure and perform a common function

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2
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A
  • Epithelial: protect, secrete, absorb, excrete
    • Connective: bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells
    • Muscle: generate forces for movement
    • Nervous: conduct impulses for coordination, regulation, integration and sensory reception
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3
Q

Intercellular Junctions

A

the site of union between two cells tightly packed together in tissues which connect cell membranes

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4
Q

Tight Junctions

A

membranes of adjacent cells converge and fuse
○ Typically joins cells that form sheetlike layers
○ e.g. small intestine lining

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5
Q

Desmosome Junctions

A

rivets or spotwelds skin cells enabling them to form a reinforced structural unit
○ E.g. Cells of outer skin layer

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6
Q

Histology

A

the microscopic study of tissues

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6
Q

Gap Junctions

A

cells linked by channels to the cytoplasm of adjacent cells allowing ions, nutrients and small molecules to pass through
○ E.g. muscle cells of heart and digestive tract

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7
Q

Simple Squamous

A
  • Consists of a single layer of thin flattened cells tightly packed
    • Consists of thin and broad nuclei
    • Substances can pass easily through making them common sites for diffusion and filtration
  • Line alveoli and forms walls of capillaries
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8
Q

Simple cuboidal

A
  • Single layer of cube shaped cells
    • Centrally located and spherical nuclei
    • Lines the thyroid gland, covers ovaies and lines kidney tubules
      Functions in the formation of urine in kidneys and secretes glandular products in glands
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9
Q

Simple Columnar

A
  • Single layer of cells that are rectangular in shape
    • Nuclei are typically all at the same level near the basement membrane
    • Can be either ciliated or nonciliated extending from apical surface
    • Lines the digestive tract (stomach, SI, LI)
    • Protects underlying tissue due to its thickness and secretes digestive fluids and aids in absorption of nutrients
      ○ Have microvilli if they are absorbing cells
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10
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar

A
  • Appear stratified because nuclei are at different levels but is a single layer of columnar cells with some not all reaching the apical surface
    • Have cilia and have goblet cells scattered throughout the tissue which secrete mucus
    • Lines the passage of respiratory system where it traps molecules in the mucus and then the cilia move it away
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11
Q

Stratified Squamous

A
  • Many layers of cells wehre the top ones are thin, with the bottom ones appearing almost cuboidal or columnar
    • Found in the epidermis skin layer and as they are pushed outwards the cells accumulate keratin proteins which harden the cells and die
    • Produces a tough dry covering which protects the material underneath
      Lines oral cavity, vagina, anal canal and in these parts its not keratinized but keeps the places soft and moist
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12
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A
  • 2-3 layers of cuboidal cells
    • Provide lots of layers of protection
      Found in the ducts of mammary, salivary and sweat glands and the pancreas
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13
Q

Stratified Columnar

A
  • Several layers of cells where the superficial cells are elongated and the basal cells are cube shaped
  • Found in the male urethra and linings of exocrine glands
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14
Q

Transitional

A
  • Specialized layer to change in response to increased tension
    • Found in the inner linings of the urinary bladder
      Made of multiple layers of irregular shaped cells and can elongate or stretch when the urinary bladder fills up
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15
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A
  • Composed of cells specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into bodily fluids
    Found within cuboidal or columnar tissue and one or more of these cells is called a gland
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16
Q

Types of Glands

A
  • Exocrine: glands which secrete products into the ducts that open onto surfaces like the skin or the lining of the digestive tract
  • can be either unicellular or multicellular
  • Endocrine: glands which secrete products into tissue fluid or blood
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17
Q

two types of Duct complexity structures in Glands

A
  • Simple gland: communicates with the surface by means of a duct that does not branch before reaching glandular cells or secretory portions
  • Compound gland: has a duct which branches repeatedly before reaching the secretory portion
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18
Q

Two Shapes of Glands

A
  • Tubular glands: glands consisting of epithelial lined tubes
  • Alveolar glands: glands with terminal portions that form saclike dilations
19
Q

Classification based on method of secretion

A
  • Merocrine: by method of exocytosis secretes products from salivary and sweat glands and the pancreas
    • Apocrine: glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies; mammary and ceruminous glands
    • Holocrine: glands that release entire cells which are disintegrated after releasing sebaceous glands
20
Q

Classification based on merocrine cell secretion products

A
  • Serous fluid: watery and slippery which lubricates
  • Mucous: a thicker fluid which is rich in the glycoprotein mucin and it lines the inner linings of digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems to protect
21
Q

Connective Tissue and types

A
  • Connective tissue proper
    • Specialized connective tissues
      ○ Cartilage, bone and blood
    • Its composed of protein fibers, and a ground susbtance
      It binds, supports and provides a medium through which substances can be transferred
22
Q

Cell types in Connective Tissue: Fibroblasts

A

most common type of fixed cell which produces fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix
- Respond rapidly to injuries by increasing in number and fiber production
- E.g. form scar tissue

23
Q

Cell types in COnnective Tissue: Macrophages

A

white blood cells which attach to fibers usually and are scavenger cells which clear foreign particles from tissue

24
Q

Mast Cells in Connective Tissue

A

large and widely distributed in connective tissue and are often near blood vessels which release heparin, a compound preventing blood clotting
- Also release histamine which stimulates inflammation and

25
Q

Connective Tissue Fiber Types

A

Collagen: thick threads of protein collagen which are grouped in long parallel bundles which are flexible but only slightly elastic
- Have great tensile strength and can resist considerable pulling force

Elastic: yellowish springlike protein called elastin which is fibers that branch forming complex networks
- Slightly weaker than collagen but are easily stretched but can return to their original lengths and shape when the force acting on it is removed

Reticular: thin collagen fibers which are highly branched and form delicate supporting networks

26
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A

forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body
- Fibroblasts are located some distances apart and are separated by a gel like ground substances containing collagen and elastic fibers
- Binds tissue to the skin of underlying organs
- Lies below layers of epithelium

27
Q

Adipose

A

adipocyte cells which initially resemble fibroblasts but accumulate fat and enlarge, with their nuclei pushed to the side which when they become abundant, form tissue
- Found beneath the skin in spaces between muscles, around kidneys, behind the eyes, in abdominal membranes and around the heart and certain joints
- Cushions joints and organs and insulates beneath the skin
- Brown fat cells have many mitochondria to generate heat to warm up, white fat stores nutrients for nearby cells to use

28
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

thin reticular fibers in a 3d network which provides the framework of certain internal organs
- Found in liver and spleen

29
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue:

A

many closely packed thick collagen fibers, a fine network of elastic fibers and a few fibroblast cells
- Strong and enables tissue to withstand pulling forces, allowing it to bind body structures together
- Found in tendons and ligaments
- Poor blood supply making tissue repair slow

30
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

thicker and more interwoven and randomly distributed than dense regular
- Irregular placed fibers allow tissue to sustain tension in many different directions
- Found in the periosteum, covers bones, and in the dermis(inner skin layer)

31
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

consists of yellow elastic fibers in parallel strands or in branching networks which collagen fibers and fibroblasts in between
- Found in attachments between bones of the spinal column and in the layers within the walls of hollow internal organs like arteries
- Imparts an elastic quality

32
Q

Cartilage

A

rigid connective tissue which has an abundant extracellular matrix largely composed of collagen fibers in a gel like substance with chondrocytes found in lacunae
- Enclosed in a covering of connective tissue known as perichondrium
- Lacks direct blood supply therefore heals slowly

Types of Cartilage Tissue: differentiated by extracellular matrix

33
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

ery fine collagen fibers with a matrix that looks somewhat like white glasss
○ Found on the ends of bones in joints, in the nasal septum
○ Involved in development and growth of bones

34
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

more flexible due to it having a dense network of elastic fibers
○ Found in the external ears
○ Provides flexible framework

35
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

tough tissue with lots of collagen fibers
○ Found between vertebrae
○ Absorb shock, cushions bones in knee and pelvis

36
Q

Bone

A

most rigid connective tissue which hardens due to calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate between cells and has many collagen fibers which are flexible and reinforce components of bone
○ Protects vital structures and is an attachment for muscles

37
Q

Types of Bone Tissue

A
  • Compact Bone: osteocytes(osteoblasts in lacunae) are concentrically clustered around a central canal and form an osteon, making up the solid part of the outer portion of bone
    § Central canals contain blood vessels and canaliculi which are cytoplasmic processes allowing rapid movement of materials between bone cells and blood vessels
      - Spongy Bone: forms the interior portion of a bone in which bone matrix is deposited around osteocytes, forming bony plates with space in between which lighten the weight of the bone and provide space for bone marrow
38
Q

Blood Tissue

A

composed of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets suspended in plasma
- Transports gases, fights infection, aids in blood clotting

39
Q

Epithelial Membranes

A

thin structures that are composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue
- Involved in covering body surfaces and lining body cavities

  • serous
  • mucous
  • cutaneous
  • synovial
40
Q

Serous membranes

A

line body cavities that don’t open up to the outside and reduce friction between organs and cavity walls
- Composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
- The cells secrete watery serous fluid to help lubricate

41
Q

Mucous membranes

A

line the cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body including oral, nasal cavities, tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems
- Consists of epithelium, varying on the location, overlaying a layer of areola connective tissue
- Goblet cells secrete mucus

42
Q

Cutaneous membranes and Synovial Membranes

A
  • Cutaneous: part of the integumentary system
    • Synovial membrane: composed entirely of connective tissue and is found lining joints
43
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

forms muscles that attach to bones and can be voluntary contracted to produce movement
- Have long muscle fibers that are multinucleate and have striations
- Stimulated by nerve cells

44
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

non striated muscle cells which are shorter and spindle shaped with a single, central nucleus and are involved in involuntary contractions of internal organs
- Lines the walls of internal organs such as the stomach, esophagus, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus and blood vessels

45
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

found only in the heart and has branched, striated cells that are joined in interconnected complex networks which is involved in involuntary contractions of the heart
- Single nucleated cells

46
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

found in the brain and spinal cord and is responsible for transmitting neuron impulses to other cells to help coordinate and regulate body functions
- Neurons have processes which receive and transmit stimuli
- Shorter and branched is dendrites, single long is the axon
- Also loads of neuroglia which support and bind the components of the nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis and supply growth factors to neurons

A&P 1 (11 decks)

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