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A&P 1 > Lab 2 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Lab 2 - Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Projections

A

sites for tendon and ligament attachments

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2
Q

Different Projections

A
  • Crest: ridge
    • Epicondyle: superior to condyle
    • Line/linea: slightly raised ridge
    • Process: prominent
    • Protuberance: outgrowth
    • Ramus: extension
    • Spine: thornlike
    • Trochanter: large process on femur bone
    • Tubercle: small knoblike
    • Tuberosity: rough elevation
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3
Q

Articulation

A

where bones connect at a joint or articulate with each other

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3
Q

Types of Articulations

A
  • Condyle: rounded process
    • Facet: nearly flat
      • Head: expanded end
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4
Q

Depression

A

recessed areas in bones

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5
Q

Types of Depressions

A
  • Alveolus: socket
    • Fossa: shallow depression
    • Sulcus: a groove or fissure
    • Fovea: tiny pit or depression
      • Notch: gap in an edge of a structure
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6
Q

Openings

A

open spaces in bones:

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7
Q

Types of Openings

A
  • Canal: tubular passage
    • Fissure: slit
    • Foramen: hole
    • Meatus: tubelike opening
      • Sinus: air filled cavity
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8
Q

Bones and structures in Anterior Cranial view

A
  • Parietal bone
    • Frontal bone
    • Coronal suture
    • Lacrimal bone
    • Squamous suture
    • Sphenoid bone
    • Temporal bone
    • Perpendicular plate
    • Infraorbital foramen
    • Supraorbital foramen
    • Vomer
    • Mandible
    • Maxilla
    • Inferior nasal concha
    • Zygomatic bone
    • Middle nasal concha
    • Orbital fissure
    • Sphenoid bone
    • Nasal bone
      • Mental foramen
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9
Q

Bones and Structures in Lateral Cranial View

A
  • Parietal bone
    • Frontal bone
    • Temporal bone
    • Occipital bone
    • Coronal suture
    • Squamous suture
    • Lambdoid suture
    • External acoustic meatus
    • Mastoid process
    • Mandular condyle
    • Styloid process
    • Zygomatic process
    • Zygomatic bone
    • Coronoid process
    • Mandible
    • Maxilla
    • Mental foreman
    • Zygotic arch = temporal process on zygomatic bone + zygomatic process on temporal bone
    • Nasal bone
    • Lacrimal bone
    • Ethmoid bone
      • Sphenoid bone
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10
Q

Bones and Structures in Inferior Cranial View

A
  • Occipital bone
    • Temporal bone
    • Frontal bone
    • Sphenoid
    • Maxilla
    • Zygomatic bone
    • Volmer
    • Palatine bone
    • Incisive foramen
    • Palatine process of maxilla
    • Zygomatic arch
    • Greater palatine foramen
    • Foramen lacerum
    • Foramen ovale
    • Foramen spinosum
    • Carotid canal
    • Jugular foramen
    • Stylomastoid foramen
    • Foramen magnus
    • Lambdoid suture
    • Occipital condyle
    • Mastoid process
    • External acoustic meatus
    • Styloid process
      • Mandibular fossa
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11
Q

Bones and Structures from Superior Cranial view

A
  • Sphenoid bone
    • Sella turcica: holds pituitary gland
    • Foramen ovale
    • Optic canal
    • Foramen spinosum
    • Foramen rotundum
    • Ethmoid bone
    • Cribriform plates
    • Crista galli with olfactory foramen
    • Frontal lobe
    • Temporal lobe
    • Occipital lobe
    • Parietal lobe
    • Foramen magnum
      Internal acoustic meatus
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12
Q

Structures: Frontal Bone

A
  • Frontal sinuses
  • Supraorbital foramen
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13
Q

Structure: Parietal Bone

A
  • Sagittal suture
    • Coronal suture
    • Lambdoid suture
      • Squamous suture
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14
Q

Structure: Occipital Bone

A
  • Foramen Magnun
    • Occipital Chondyles(connect to atlas)
    • Lambdoid suture
    • Jugular foramen
      • Internal acoustic meatus
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15
Q

Structure: Temporal Bone

A
  • Squamous suture
    • External acoustic meatus
    • Mandibular fossa
    • Mastoid process
    • Styloid process
    • Zygomatic process on temporal bone
      • Zygomatic arch
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16
Q

Structure: Sphenoid Bone

A
  • Sella turcica
    • Sphenoid sinus
    • Optic canals
    • Foramen rotundum
    • Foramen ovale
    • Foramen spinosum
      • Superior orbital fissure
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17
Q

Structure: Ethmoid Bone

A

superior portion of nasal septum
- Cribriform plates with olfactory forama
- Perpendicular plate
- Crista galli(rooster comb)
- Middle nasal concha

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18
Q

Structure: Maxillary Bone

A

2 pones paired
- Alveolar processes
- Maxillary sinuses
- Palatine processes
- Infraorbital foramen

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19
Q

Structures: Palatine Bone

A

L shaped bones behind the maxillae, posterior section of hard palate
- Greater palentine foramen

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20
Q

Structures: Zygomatic Bone

A

prominence of cheeks
- Zygomatic arch with temporal process

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21
Q

Structures: Lacrimal Bone

A
  • Lacrimal duct which passes tears
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22
Q

Nasal Bone

A

bridge of the nose

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23
Q

Volmer Bone

A

inferior portion of nasal septum

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24
Q

Inferior Nasal Concha

A

Separate scroll shaped bones

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25
Q

Structures: Mandible

A

lower horseshoe shaped jaw bone
- Ramus: part that sticks up
- Mandibular chondyle(articulates with mandibular fossa)
- Coronoid process
- Alveolar process
- Mandibular foramen
- Mental foramen
- Mental protruberance

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26
Q

Structure: Hyoid bone

A

not articulated to any bones but to ligaments
- Under tongue

27
Q

Curvatures in Vertebral Column

A
  • Cervical curvature(secondary/anterior)
    • Thoracic curvature(primary/posterior)
    • Lumbar curvature(secondary/anterior)
      Sacral curvature(primary/posterior)
28
Q

Number of Vertebrae in the entire column

A
  • C7
  • T12
  • L5
  • S5
  • C4
29
Q

Typical Vertebrae Structures

A
  • Body
    • Pedicles
    • Laminae
    • Spinous process
    • Transverse processes
    • Vertebral foramen
    • Facets
      • Superior and inferior articular process
30
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A
  • Smallest
    • Have transverse foramina for blood and nerve supply to the brain
  • Atlas: CI supporting the head
  • Axis: C2 which has a dens, from which the atlas pivots around
  • Bifid spinous process on C2-C6
  • Vertebral prominens on C7
31
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

A
  • Medium size
    • Articulate with ribs
      • Have long pointed spinous processes
32
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A
  • Largest size
    • Short, thick spinous processes
    • Weight bearing
      • Spinous process are almost horizontal
33
Q

Sacrum

A
  • Fused of 5 vertebrae
    • Median sacral crest
    • Posterior sacral foramina
    • Forms sacroiliac joints
    • Forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity
    • Sacral promontory
    • Sacral canal
      • Sacral hiatus
34
Q

Coccyx

A
  • Tailbone
    • 4 fused vertebrae which occurs during the ages of 25-30
      • Vestigial organ with no known purpose
35
Q

Thoracic Cage and Ribs

A
  • Thoracic Cage includes Ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum and costal cartilages that attach ribs
    • Supports pectoral girdle and upper limbs and protects thoracic and upper abdominal viscera
  • humans have 12 pairs of ribs, 7 of which are true ribs, 3 of which are false ribs and 2 of which are floating ribs
36
Q

Structure: Ribs

A
  • Shaft
    • Head: posterior end which articulates with the vertebrae
    • Tubercle articulates with vertebra
      • Costal cartilage: hyaline cartilage connecting to sternum
37
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process

38
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A
  • Consists of 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae
    - Supports upper limbs
39
Q

Structure: Clavicle

A
  • S Shaped
    • Articulates with manubrium on sternal(thicker) end and scapulae on the acromial end(thinner)
      • Braces the scapulae which otherwise moves freely
40
Q

Structure: Scapulae

A
  • Spine(on posterior side)
    • Supraspinous Fossa
    • Infraspinous Fossa
    • Acromion process(most superior)
    • Coracoid Process(middle)
      • Glenoid Cavity/Fossa(most inferior)
41
Q

Structure: Humorous

A
  • Head has a greater tubercle and lesser tubercle
    • Deltoid tuberosity(attachment point of deltoid muscle)
    • Capitulum lateral condyle
    • Trochlea(triangular) medial condyle
    • Lateral epicondyle
    • Medial epicondyle(epi = above)
    • Coronoid Fossa(anterior side)
      • Olecranon fossa(posterior side)
42
Q

Structure: Radius

A

Shorter than ulna and lateral forearm
- Head of radius(proximal)
- Radial tuberosity
- Styloid process

43
Q

Structure: Ulna

A

Medial forearm
- Trochlear notch(u Shaped(
- Olecranon process
- Coronoid process
- Head(distal end)
- Styloid process
- Radial notch

44
Q

Structure: Carpals

A

So Long Top Part, Here Comes the Thumb
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Hamate(has a hook)
- Capitate
- Trapezoid
- Trapezium

45
Q

Metacarpals

A
  • 5 bones numbered 1 to 5 from the thumb across
46
Q

Phalanges

A
  • Proximal Phalanx
    • Middle Phalanx(thumb has none)
      • Distal Phalanx
47
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A
  • 2 coxal bones
48
Q

Pelvis

A

pelvic girdle + sacrum and coccyx
- Protects pevlic viscera
- Supports trunk of body
- Trasmits weight to lower limbs
- Provides attachment for lower limbs

49
Q

Structure: Coxae Bone

A
  • Ilium(largest most superior)
    ○ Iliac crest
    ○ Iliac spines
    ○ Greater sciatic notch
    • Ischium(L shaped lowest part)
      ○ Supports weight while sitting
      ○ Ischial spines
      ○ Ischial tuberosity
    • Pubis(anterior portion)
      ○ Pubic symphysis(cartilage)
      ○ Pubic Arch
    • Acetabulum: socket for head of femur composed of all 3 bones
      • Obturator foramen: largest foramen in the body in the coxal bones
50
Q

Leg refers to:

A
  • knee to ankle
51
Q

Structure: Femur

A

longest bone in the body
- Head
- Fovea capitis
- Neck
- Greater trochanter
- Lesser trochanter
- Gluteal tuberosity
- Linea aspera
- Medial and lateral condyles
- Intercondylar fossa
- Medial and lateral epicondyles
- Patella surface

52
Q

Patella

A

flat sesamoid/round bone in the quadriceps tendon

53
Q

Structure: Tibia

A

larger medial shin bone
- Lateral and medial condyles(proximal end)
- Intercondylar eminence
- Tibial tuberosity
- Anterior crest
- Medial malleolus(distal end)

54
Q

Structure: Fibula

A

lateral shin bone that has no weight bearing
- Head proximal end
- Lateral malleolus

55
Q

Structure: Tarsal

A

7 ankle bones (Tiger Cubs Need MILC)
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Navicular
- Medial Cuneiform
- Intermediate Cuneiform
- Lateral Cuneiform
- Cuboid

56
Q

Metatarsal

A

5 foot bones

57
Q

Phalanges(toe)

A

14 bones with proximal, middle and distal bones

58
Q

5 Bone Shapes and examples

A
  • Long: longer than they are wide with expanded ends
    ○ e.g. femur
    • Short: similar length and width
      ○ carpals
      ○ Sesamoid: special type of short bone have an embedded tendon near joints
      ○ e.g. patella
    • Flat: wide surfaces and are sometimes curved
      ○ e.g. cranium, ribs
    • Irregular: numerous shapes and have articulations
      e.g. vertebrae
59
Q

Features of a long Bone

A
  1. Periosteum: dense regular connective tissue which covers the outside of bones and contains blood vessels
    • Endosteum: membrane of dense regular connective tissue which lines the medullary cavity
    • Diaphysis: bone shaft
    • Epiphysis: end parts of a long bone which are surrounded by articular cartilage
      ○ Proximal epiphysis: closer to trunk
      ○ Distal epiphysis
    1. Articular cartilage: composed of hyaline cartilage and is involved in secreting a lubricant to reduce friction and allow freer movement at joints
    • Medullary mallow cavity: hollow center of bone shaft
    1. Epiphyseal lines: site of original epiphyseal plate that has ossified
    2. Red bone marrow
      1. Yellow bone marrow
60
Q

Layers of Skin

A
  • epidermis with 5 layers
  • basement membrane
  • dermal layer
    - papillary layer of areolar connective tissue
    - reticular layer of dense irregular connective tissue
61
Q

4 types of Glands

A
  • Merocrine(eccrine) sweat glands:
    ○ Found on most of the body but abundant on forehead, palms and soles of feet
    ○ Provide evaporative cooling during exercise, stress and excrete water, salt or nitrogen
    • Apocrine Sweat Glands:
      ○ Found in axillary, genital areas
      ○ Secretes substances more viscous during pain and stress and are active after puberty
    • Sebaceous Glands:
      ○ Found in hair follicles
      ○ Secrete oily sebum into follicles which helps keep skin and hair pliable
      ○ Active after puberty
    • Ceruminous glands:
      ○ Found in the external ear canal
      ○ Secretes cerumen(earwax) as protective covering
    • Mammary glands:
      ○ Found within breasts
      - Produces and secretes breast milk through ducts that open on the nipple
62
Q

4 types of human skin

A
  1. Thick Skin
    1. Light Skin
    2. Dark Skin
      1. Scalp
63
Q

Structure of Nails

A
  • Nail bed is produced from deeper layers of epidermal skin
    • Nail plate: visible portion consisting of keratinized cells which overly the nail bed
    • Blood vessels under the nail give it a pinkish appearance
    • Nail matrix: active growth region not visible and at the proximal end of nail bed
    • Lunula is the whitish half-moon region due to the thick nail matrix concealing dermal blood vessels
    • Cuticle: a portion of stratum corneum extending over the proximal end of the nail
      Free edge: the nail plate extending beyond the end of the nail bed
64
Q

Structure of Hair Follicles

A
  • Hair develops from a group of epidermal stem cells at the base of a tubelike depression: hair follicle
    • Hair bulb sits in the base of the follicle and hair root extends from the skin surface to the subcutaneous layer
    • Hair papilla: contain blood vessels to nourish the hair and anchor the hair bulb
    • Hair matrix within the hair bulb contains epithelial cells which allow for division and growth
      Hair shaft is composed of keratinized epithelial cells which extend away from skin surface

A&P 1 (11 decks)

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