Lab 2 - Skeletal System Flashcards
Projections
sites for tendon and ligament attachments
Different Projections
- Crest: ridge
- Epicondyle: superior to condyle
- Line/linea: slightly raised ridge
- Process: prominent
- Protuberance: outgrowth
- Ramus: extension
- Spine: thornlike
- Trochanter: large process on femur bone
- Tubercle: small knoblike
- Tuberosity: rough elevation
Articulation
where bones connect at a joint or articulate with each other
Types of Articulations
- Condyle: rounded process
- Facet: nearly flat
- Head: expanded end
- Facet: nearly flat
Depression
recessed areas in bones
Types of Depressions
- Alveolus: socket
- Fossa: shallow depression
- Sulcus: a groove or fissure
- Fovea: tiny pit or depression
- Notch: gap in an edge of a structure
Openings
open spaces in bones:
Types of Openings
- Canal: tubular passage
- Fissure: slit
- Foramen: hole
- Meatus: tubelike opening
- Sinus: air filled cavity
Bones and structures in Anterior Cranial view
- Parietal bone
- Frontal bone
- Coronal suture
- Lacrimal bone
- Squamous suture
- Sphenoid bone
- Temporal bone
- Perpendicular plate
- Infraorbital foramen
- Supraorbital foramen
- Vomer
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Inferior nasal concha
- Zygomatic bone
- Middle nasal concha
- Orbital fissure
- Sphenoid bone
- Nasal bone
- Mental foramen
Bones and Structures in Lateral Cranial View
- Parietal bone
- Frontal bone
- Temporal bone
- Occipital bone
- Coronal suture
- Squamous suture
- Lambdoid suture
- External acoustic meatus
- Mastoid process
- Mandular condyle
- Styloid process
- Zygomatic process
- Zygomatic bone
- Coronoid process
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- Mental foreman
- Zygotic arch = temporal process on zygomatic bone + zygomatic process on temporal bone
- Nasal bone
- Lacrimal bone
- Ethmoid bone
- Sphenoid bone
Bones and Structures in Inferior Cranial View
- Occipital bone
- Temporal bone
- Frontal bone
- Sphenoid
- Maxilla
- Zygomatic bone
- Volmer
- Palatine bone
- Incisive foramen
- Palatine process of maxilla
- Zygomatic arch
- Greater palatine foramen
- Foramen lacerum
- Foramen ovale
- Foramen spinosum
- Carotid canal
- Jugular foramen
- Stylomastoid foramen
- Foramen magnus
- Lambdoid suture
- Occipital condyle
- Mastoid process
- External acoustic meatus
- Styloid process
- Mandibular fossa
Bones and Structures from Superior Cranial view
- Sphenoid bone
- Sella turcica: holds pituitary gland
- Foramen ovale
- Optic canal
- Foramen spinosum
- Foramen rotundum
- Ethmoid bone
- Cribriform plates
- Crista galli with olfactory foramen
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Foramen magnum
Internal acoustic meatus
Structures: Frontal Bone
- Frontal sinuses
- Supraorbital foramen
Structure: Parietal Bone
- Sagittal suture
- Coronal suture
- Lambdoid suture
- Squamous suture
Structure: Occipital Bone
- Foramen Magnun
- Occipital Chondyles(connect to atlas)
- Lambdoid suture
- Jugular foramen
- Internal acoustic meatus
Structure: Temporal Bone
- Squamous suture
- External acoustic meatus
- Mandibular fossa
- Mastoid process
- Styloid process
- Zygomatic process on temporal bone
- Zygomatic arch
Structure: Sphenoid Bone
- Sella turcica
- Sphenoid sinus
- Optic canals
- Foramen rotundum
- Foramen ovale
- Foramen spinosum
- Superior orbital fissure
Structure: Ethmoid Bone
superior portion of nasal septum
- Cribriform plates with olfactory forama
- Perpendicular plate
- Crista galli(rooster comb)
- Middle nasal concha
Structure: Maxillary Bone
2 pones paired
- Alveolar processes
- Maxillary sinuses
- Palatine processes
- Infraorbital foramen
Structures: Palatine Bone
L shaped bones behind the maxillae, posterior section of hard palate
- Greater palentine foramen
Structures: Zygomatic Bone
prominence of cheeks
- Zygomatic arch with temporal process
Structures: Lacrimal Bone
- Lacrimal duct which passes tears
Nasal Bone
bridge of the nose
Volmer Bone
inferior portion of nasal septum
Inferior Nasal Concha
Separate scroll shaped bones
Structures: Mandible
lower horseshoe shaped jaw bone
- Ramus: part that sticks up
- Mandibular chondyle(articulates with mandibular fossa)
- Coronoid process
- Alveolar process
- Mandibular foramen
- Mental foramen
- Mental protruberance
Structure: Hyoid bone
not articulated to any bones but to ligaments
- Under tongue
Curvatures in Vertebral Column
- Cervical curvature(secondary/anterior)
- Thoracic curvature(primary/posterior)
- Lumbar curvature(secondary/anterior)
Sacral curvature(primary/posterior)
Number of Vertebrae in the entire column
- C7
- T12
- L5
- S5
- C4
Typical Vertebrae Structures
- Body
- Pedicles
- Laminae
- Spinous process
- Transverse processes
- Vertebral foramen
- Facets
- Superior and inferior articular process
Cervical Vertebrae
- Smallest
- Have transverse foramina for blood and nerve supply to the brain
- Atlas: CI supporting the head
- Axis: C2 which has a dens, from which the atlas pivots around
- Bifid spinous process on C2-C6
- Vertebral prominens on C7
Thoracic Vertebrae
- Medium size
- Articulate with ribs
- Have long pointed spinous processes
- Articulate with ribs
Lumbar Vertebrae
- Largest size
- Short, thick spinous processes
- Weight bearing
- Spinous process are almost horizontal
Sacrum
- Fused of 5 vertebrae
- Median sacral crest
- Posterior sacral foramina
- Forms sacroiliac joints
- Forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity
- Sacral promontory
- Sacral canal
- Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
- Tailbone
- 4 fused vertebrae which occurs during the ages of 25-30
- Vestigial organ with no known purpose
- 4 fused vertebrae which occurs during the ages of 25-30
Thoracic Cage and Ribs
- Thoracic Cage includes Ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum and costal cartilages that attach ribs
- Supports pectoral girdle and upper limbs and protects thoracic and upper abdominal viscera
- humans have 12 pairs of ribs, 7 of which are true ribs, 3 of which are false ribs and 2 of which are floating ribs
Structure: Ribs
- Shaft
- Head: posterior end which articulates with the vertebrae
- Tubercle articulates with vertebra
- Costal cartilage: hyaline cartilage connecting to sternum
Sternum
Breastbone
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid process
Pectoral Girdle
- Consists of 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae
- Supports upper limbs
Structure: Clavicle
- S Shaped
- Articulates with manubrium on sternal(thicker) end and scapulae on the acromial end(thinner)
- Braces the scapulae which otherwise moves freely
- Articulates with manubrium on sternal(thicker) end and scapulae on the acromial end(thinner)
Structure: Scapulae
- Spine(on posterior side)
- Supraspinous Fossa
- Infraspinous Fossa
- Acromion process(most superior)
- Coracoid Process(middle)
- Glenoid Cavity/Fossa(most inferior)
Structure: Humorous
- Head has a greater tubercle and lesser tubercle
- Deltoid tuberosity(attachment point of deltoid muscle)
- Capitulum lateral condyle
- Trochlea(triangular) medial condyle
- Lateral epicondyle
- Medial epicondyle(epi = above)
- Coronoid Fossa(anterior side)
- Olecranon fossa(posterior side)
Structure: Radius
Shorter than ulna and lateral forearm
- Head of radius(proximal)
- Radial tuberosity
- Styloid process
Structure: Ulna
Medial forearm
- Trochlear notch(u Shaped(
- Olecranon process
- Coronoid process
- Head(distal end)
- Styloid process
- Radial notch
Structure: Carpals
So Long Top Part, Here Comes the Thumb
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Hamate(has a hook)
- Capitate
- Trapezoid
- Trapezium
Metacarpals
- 5 bones numbered 1 to 5 from the thumb across
Phalanges
- Proximal Phalanx
- Middle Phalanx(thumb has none)
- Distal Phalanx
- Middle Phalanx(thumb has none)
Pelvic Girdle
- 2 coxal bones
Pelvis
pelvic girdle + sacrum and coccyx
- Protects pevlic viscera
- Supports trunk of body
- Trasmits weight to lower limbs
- Provides attachment for lower limbs
Structure: Coxae Bone
- Ilium(largest most superior)
○ Iliac crest
○ Iliac spines
○ Greater sciatic notch- Ischium(L shaped lowest part)
○ Supports weight while sitting
○ Ischial spines
○ Ischial tuberosity - Pubis(anterior portion)
○ Pubic symphysis(cartilage)
○ Pubic Arch - Acetabulum: socket for head of femur composed of all 3 bones
- Obturator foramen: largest foramen in the body in the coxal bones
- Ischium(L shaped lowest part)
Leg refers to:
- knee to ankle
Structure: Femur
longest bone in the body
- Head
- Fovea capitis
- Neck
- Greater trochanter
- Lesser trochanter
- Gluteal tuberosity
- Linea aspera
- Medial and lateral condyles
- Intercondylar fossa
- Medial and lateral epicondyles
- Patella surface
Patella
flat sesamoid/round bone in the quadriceps tendon
Structure: Tibia
larger medial shin bone
- Lateral and medial condyles(proximal end)
- Intercondylar eminence
- Tibial tuberosity
- Anterior crest
- Medial malleolus(distal end)
Structure: Fibula
lateral shin bone that has no weight bearing
- Head proximal end
- Lateral malleolus
Structure: Tarsal
7 ankle bones (Tiger Cubs Need MILC)
- Talus
- Calcaneus
- Navicular
- Medial Cuneiform
- Intermediate Cuneiform
- Lateral Cuneiform
- Cuboid
Metatarsal
5 foot bones
Phalanges(toe)
14 bones with proximal, middle and distal bones
5 Bone Shapes and examples
- Long: longer than they are wide with expanded ends
○ e.g. femur- Short: similar length and width
○ carpals
○ Sesamoid: special type of short bone have an embedded tendon near joints
○ e.g. patella - Flat: wide surfaces and are sometimes curved
○ e.g. cranium, ribs - Irregular: numerous shapes and have articulations
e.g. vertebrae
- Short: similar length and width
Features of a long Bone
- Periosteum: dense regular connective tissue which covers the outside of bones and contains blood vessels
- Endosteum: membrane of dense regular connective tissue which lines the medullary cavity
- Diaphysis: bone shaft
- Epiphysis: end parts of a long bone which are surrounded by articular cartilage
○ Proximal epiphysis: closer to trunk
○ Distal epiphysis
- Articular cartilage: composed of hyaline cartilage and is involved in secreting a lubricant to reduce friction and allow freer movement at joints
- Medullary mallow cavity: hollow center of bone shaft
- Epiphyseal lines: site of original epiphyseal plate that has ossified
- Red bone marrow
- Yellow bone marrow
Layers of Skin
- epidermis with 5 layers
- basement membrane
- dermal layer
- papillary layer of areolar connective tissue
- reticular layer of dense irregular connective tissue
4 types of Glands
- Merocrine(eccrine) sweat glands:
○ Found on most of the body but abundant on forehead, palms and soles of feet
○ Provide evaporative cooling during exercise, stress and excrete water, salt or nitrogen- Apocrine Sweat Glands:
○ Found in axillary, genital areas
○ Secretes substances more viscous during pain and stress and are active after puberty - Sebaceous Glands:
○ Found in hair follicles
○ Secrete oily sebum into follicles which helps keep skin and hair pliable
○ Active after puberty - Ceruminous glands:
○ Found in the external ear canal
○ Secretes cerumen(earwax) as protective covering - Mammary glands:
○ Found within breasts
- Produces and secretes breast milk through ducts that open on the nipple
- Apocrine Sweat Glands:
4 types of human skin
- Thick Skin
- Light Skin
- Dark Skin
- Scalp
Structure of Nails
- Nail bed is produced from deeper layers of epidermal skin
- Nail plate: visible portion consisting of keratinized cells which overly the nail bed
- Blood vessels under the nail give it a pinkish appearance
- Nail matrix: active growth region not visible and at the proximal end of nail bed
- Lunula is the whitish half-moon region due to the thick nail matrix concealing dermal blood vessels
- Cuticle: a portion of stratum corneum extending over the proximal end of the nail
Free edge: the nail plate extending beyond the end of the nail bed
Structure of Hair Follicles
- Hair develops from a group of epidermal stem cells at the base of a tubelike depression: hair follicle
- Hair bulb sits in the base of the follicle and hair root extends from the skin surface to the subcutaneous layer
- Hair papilla: contain blood vessels to nourish the hair and anchor the hair bulb
- Hair matrix within the hair bulb contains epithelial cells which allow for division and growth
Hair shaft is composed of keratinized epithelial cells which extend away from skin surface
