Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards
Anatomy and Physiology
the branch of science dealing with the form and organization of body parts
- Examines structures/morphology
the study of body functions
Levels of Organization
- Subatomic particles
- Atoms
- Molecules
- macromolecule
- Organelle
- Cell
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ system
- Organism
Ultrasound
high frequency sound waves that provide images of soft internal structures
MRI
magnetic field changes alignment and spin of certain types of atoms: provides high resolution images of internal structures
Pressure and Concentration Gradients
- Pressure gradient: movement of liquids and gases from areas of high pressure to low pressure
- Concentration Gradient: movement of substances from areas of high concentration to lower concentration
Characteristics of Life
- Responsiveness: internally or externally
- Growth: increases in cell number or size
- Reproduction: producing new cells or new organisms
- Metabolism: the sum of all chemical reactions
a. Respiration: cellular respiration or oxygen exchange
b. Digestion: breaking down food into nutrients
c. Circulation: moving chemicals and cells throughout the body
d. Excretion: removal of wastes- Movement: change of body position or movement of internal organs
Requirements of Organisms
a. Water: environment for metabolism, transports substances, regulates internal temperatures
b. Food: provides necessary nutrient to supply energy and supplies materials for tissue synthesis
c. Oxygen: to produce ATP from the release of energy from food
2. Heat: used as a form of energy, helps metabolize reactions
3. Pressure: an application of force to something
- Atmospheric pressure: important for breathing
Hydrostatic pressure: keeps blood flowing
Homeostatic Mechanisms
self-regulating systems that monitor internal environments and correct them as needed
Parts of Homeostatic Mechanisms
- Receptors: provide information on stimuli in the internal environment
- Control center: has a target value(set point) of a physiological measure and aims to maintain it
- Effectors: the muscles or glands which cause appropriate responses to return conditions to homeostatic conditions
- Control center: has a target value(set point) of a physiological measure and aims to maintain it
Negative Feedback
negative feedback: as it is reverses the deviation from set point by increasing effector response
Positive Feedback
the increasing in deviation from the set point by increasing effector response, creating unstable conditions until a crisis moment
- E.g. when there is an open wound, Blood Clotting is stimulated to prevent bleeding out
Portions of the Body
Axial portion: neck, head, trunk
appendicular portion: bones that are attached to the axial skeleton(upper and lower limbs)
Cavities in the Axial Portion
Ventral Cavity: holds the cranial, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Dorsal Cavity: Holds vertebral cavity
- Cranial cavity: space in the cranium housing the brain - Vertebral canal(spinal cavity): space in the spine surrounded by vertebrae which holds the spinal cord - Found in the Dorsal Cavity - Thoracic cavity: space containing organs in the upper trunk - Medistinum: pleura - Pleura cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity: space between diaphragm and pelvic outlet which contains abdominals and pelvic viscera(organs)
Diaphragm
a sheetlike structure of skeletal muscle and connective tissue which separates the abdominopelvic cavity from the thoracic cavity
- Its a muscle which presses down during inhalation and curves upward when at rest
Mediastinum
the region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs extending forward to the sternum and backwards to the vertebral column
- Contains most of the thoracic cavity viscera except lungs
Viscera within Thoracic Cavity
heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus and lungs
7 Viscera within Abdominal Cavity
stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys and small& large intestines
Viscera within Pelvic Cavity
terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
Cavities in the Head
- Oral Cavity: containing the teeth and tongue
- Nasal Cavity: connecting with several air filled sinuses
- Orbital Cavity: containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
- Tympanic cavities: contains the middle ear bones
Serous Membranes
membrane/connective tissue which lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body and covers the organs
- Needed to cover organs such as the heart and lungs to prevent wear and tear and abrasions from the movement of organs against cavity walls
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Layers of serous membranes:
- Parietal layer: layer of membrane covering the wall of a cavity
- Visceral layer: layer of membrane covering an organ
- Gap: Serous fluid fills the gap of the cavities between visceral and parietal layers
Pleural Membrane
the serous membranes that line the thoracic cavity and fold back to cover the lungs which allows the lungs to not get friction as they slide against cavity wall during respiration
Pericardial
the serous membrane which lines the mediastinum and folds back to cover the heart
- has a a thicker third layer of membrane which covers the parietal pericardium: Fibrous Pericardium
Peritoneal Membrane
the connective tissue lining the abdominopelvic cavities and folding back to cover the organs
Lesser Omentum
double layer of peritoneum connecting liver to the stomach and duodenum
Greater Omentum
large fold of tissue which hangs from the stomach and covers the abdominal viscera
Mesentary of Small Intestine
a fold of peritoneal membrane which attaches the small intestine to the abdominal wall to keep it in place
Integumentary System
including the skin and accessory organs such as hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands which help to regulate body temperature, house sensory receptors and synthesize certain products such as production of vitamin D
Skeletal System
consist of the bones, ligaments and cartilage which provide the framework and protective shields for softer tissues to act.
- Tissues within bones also produce blood cells in red bone marrow and store inorganics salts
Muscular System
comprised of the muscles which contract and pull their ends closer together to provide force to move body parts, maintain posture and source body heat
Nervous System
consisting of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs which transmit electrochemical signals to initiate movement for rapid short term effects
Endocrine System
Includes the glands which secrete hormones for long lasting effects such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland and thymus
Cardiovascular System
includes the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins and blood which pumps blood throughout the body to carry nutrients, hormones and remove wastes.
Lymphatic System
composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the thymus and spleen which transports interstitial fluid from spaces in tissues back to the bloodstream, defends against pathogens and carries fat into the blood
Interstitial Fluid
bodily fluids surrounding cells and tissues which is produced through the exchange of blood across capillaries
Digestive System
comprised of the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and both intestines which receive foods and break them down into simpler molecules so they can be absorbed
Respiratory System
comprised of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs which all move air in and out of the body and exchange gases in the blood
Urinary System
consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra which remove wastes from the blood and excrete them while maintaining the bodies water and electrolyte concentration
Reproductive System
the production of a whole new organism or cells
- Male system includes scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra and penis
- Female system includes ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris and vulva
Ageing
the changes in the body that occur within a passage of time
- Changes at the tissue level cause organ level signs of aging - Biochemical changes can also fuel cellular aging
Examples of Ageing:
- Decreased production of collagen and elastin account for the stiffening of skin
- Abeta amyloid proteins build up in the brain resulting in the development of Alzheimer’s
Anatomical Position
standing erect, face forward and upper limbs by sides with palms facing anteriorly
Acromial
Antecubital
Antebrachial
Axillary
Brachial
Shoulder
front of elbow
forearm
Armpit
Arm
Buccal
Calcaneal
Celiac
Cephalic
Costal
Coxal
Cheek
heel
abdomen
Head
Ribs
Hip
Crural
cubital
frontal
mammary
mental
Occipital
lower leg
elbow
forehead
breast
chin
inferior back of head
Otic
pedal
popliteal
sacral
sural
ear
foot
behind knee
posterior between hip bones
Calf
