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A&P 1 > Chapter 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy and Physiology

A

the branch of science dealing with the form and organization of body parts
- Examines structures/morphology

the study of body functions

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2
Q

Levels of Organization

A
  1. Subatomic particles
    1. Atoms
    2. Molecules
    3. macromolecule
    4. Organelle
    5. Cell
    6. Tissues
    7. Organs
    8. Organ system
      1. Organism
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3
Q

Ultrasound

A

high frequency sound waves that provide images of soft internal structures

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4
Q

MRI

A

magnetic field changes alignment and spin of certain types of atoms: provides high resolution images of internal structures

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5
Q

Pressure and Concentration Gradients

A
  • Pressure gradient: movement of liquids and gases from areas of high pressure to low pressure
    • Concentration Gradient: movement of substances from areas of high concentration to lower concentration
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6
Q

Characteristics of Life

A
  1. Responsiveness: internally or externally
    1. Growth: increases in cell number or size
    2. Reproduction: producing new cells or new organisms
    3. Metabolism: the sum of all chemical reactions
      a. Respiration: cellular respiration or oxygen exchange
      b. Digestion: breaking down food into nutrients
      c. Circulation: moving chemicals and cells throughout the body
      d. Excretion: removal of wastes
      1. Movement: change of body position or movement of internal organs
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7
Q

Requirements of Organisms

A

a. Water: environment for metabolism, transports substances, regulates internal temperatures
b. Food: provides necessary nutrient to supply energy and supplies materials for tissue synthesis
c. Oxygen: to produce ATP from the release of energy from food
2. Heat: used as a form of energy, helps metabolize reactions
3. Pressure: an application of force to something
- Atmospheric pressure: important for breathing
Hydrostatic pressure: keeps blood flowing

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8
Q

Homeostatic Mechanisms

A

self-regulating systems that monitor internal environments and correct them as needed

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9
Q

Parts of Homeostatic Mechanisms

A
  1. Receptors: provide information on stimuli in the internal environment
    1. Control center: has a target value(set point) of a physiological measure and aims to maintain it
      1. Effectors: the muscles or glands which cause appropriate responses to return conditions to homeostatic conditions
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10
Q

Negative Feedback

A

negative feedback: as it is reverses the deviation from set point by increasing effector response

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11
Q

Positive Feedback

A

the increasing in deviation from the set point by increasing effector response, creating unstable conditions until a crisis moment
- E.g. when there is an open wound, Blood Clotting is stimulated to prevent bleeding out

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12
Q

Portions of the Body

A

Axial portion: neck, head, trunk

appendicular portion: bones that are attached to the axial skeleton(upper and lower limbs)

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13
Q

Cavities in the Axial Portion

A

Ventral Cavity: holds the cranial, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

Dorsal Cavity: Holds vertebral cavity

- Cranial cavity: space in the cranium housing the brain

- Vertebral canal(spinal cavity): space in the spine surrounded by vertebrae which holds the spinal cord
	- Found in the Dorsal Cavity
	
- Thoracic cavity: space containing organs in the upper trunk
- Medistinum: pleura
- Pleura cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity: space between diaphragm and pelvic outlet which contains abdominals and pelvic viscera(organs)

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14
Q

Diaphragm

A

a sheetlike structure of skeletal muscle and connective tissue which separates the abdominopelvic cavity from the thoracic cavity
- Its a muscle which presses down during inhalation and curves upward when at rest

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15
Q

Mediastinum

A

the region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs extending forward to the sternum and backwards to the vertebral column
- Contains most of the thoracic cavity viscera except lungs

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16
Q

Viscera within Thoracic Cavity

A

heart, esophagus, trachea and thymus and lungs

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17
Q

7 Viscera within Abdominal Cavity

A

stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys and small& large intestines

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18
Q

Viscera within Pelvic Cavity

A

terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

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19
Q

Cavities in the Head

A
  • Oral Cavity: containing the teeth and tongue
    • Nasal Cavity: connecting with several air filled sinuses
    • Orbital Cavity: containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
      • Tympanic cavities: contains the middle ear bones
20
Q

Serous Membranes

A

membrane/connective tissue which lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body and covers the organs
- Needed to cover organs such as the heart and lungs to prevent wear and tear and abrasions from the movement of organs against cavity walls
-

21
Q

Layers of serous membranes:

A
  • Parietal layer: layer of membrane covering the wall of a cavity
    - Visceral layer: layer of membrane covering an organ
    - Gap: Serous fluid fills the gap of the cavities between visceral and parietal layers
22
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

the serous membranes that line the thoracic cavity and fold back to cover the lungs which allows the lungs to not get friction as they slide against cavity wall during respiration

23
Q

Pericardial

A

the serous membrane which lines the mediastinum and folds back to cover the heart
- has a a thicker third layer of membrane which covers the parietal pericardium: Fibrous Pericardium

24
Q

Peritoneal Membrane

A

the connective tissue lining the abdominopelvic cavities and folding back to cover the organs

25
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

double layer of peritoneum connecting liver to the stomach and duodenum

26
Q

Greater Omentum

A

large fold of tissue which hangs from the stomach and covers the abdominal viscera

27
Q

Mesentary of Small Intestine

A

a fold of peritoneal membrane which attaches the small intestine to the abdominal wall to keep it in place

28
Q

Integumentary System

A

including the skin and accessory organs such as hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands which help to regulate body temperature, house sensory receptors and synthesize certain products such as production of vitamin D

29
Q

Skeletal System

A

consist of the bones, ligaments and cartilage which provide the framework and protective shields for softer tissues to act.
- Tissues within bones also produce blood cells in red bone marrow and store inorganics salts

30
Q

Muscular System

A

comprised of the muscles which contract and pull their ends closer together to provide force to move body parts, maintain posture and source body heat

31
Q

Nervous System

A

consisting of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs which transmit electrochemical signals to initiate movement for rapid short term effects

32
Q

Endocrine System

A

Includes the glands which secrete hormones for long lasting effects such as the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland and thymus

33
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

includes the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins and blood which pumps blood throughout the body to carry nutrients, hormones and remove wastes.

34
Q

Lymphatic System

A

composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the thymus and spleen which transports interstitial fluid from spaces in tissues back to the bloodstream, defends against pathogens and carries fat into the blood

35
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

bodily fluids surrounding cells and tissues which is produced through the exchange of blood across capillaries

36
Q

Digestive System

A

comprised of the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and both intestines which receive foods and break them down into simpler molecules so they can be absorbed

37
Q

Respiratory System

A

comprised of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs which all move air in and out of the body and exchange gases in the blood

38
Q

Urinary System

A

consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra which remove wastes from the blood and excrete them while maintaining the bodies water and electrolyte concentration

39
Q

Reproductive System

A

the production of a whole new organism or cells
- Male system includes scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra and penis
- Female system includes ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris and vulva

40
Q

Ageing

A

the changes in the body that occur within a passage of time

    - Changes at the tissue level cause organ level signs of aging
- Biochemical changes can also fuel cellular aging
41
Q

Examples of Ageing:

A
  • Decreased production of collagen and elastin account for the stiffening of skin
  • Abeta amyloid proteins build up in the brain resulting in the development of Alzheimer’s
42
Q

Anatomical Position

A

standing erect, face forward and upper limbs by sides with palms facing anteriorly

43
Q

Acromial
Antecubital
Antebrachial
Axillary
Brachial

A

Shoulder
front of elbow
forearm
Armpit
Arm

44
Q

Buccal
Calcaneal
Celiac
Cephalic
Costal
Coxal

A

Cheek
heel
abdomen
Head
Ribs
Hip

45
Q

Crural
cubital
frontal
mammary
mental
Occipital

A

lower leg
elbow
forehead
breast
chin
inferior back of head

46
Q

Otic
pedal
popliteal
sacral
sural

A

ear
foot
behind knee
posterior between hip bones
Calf

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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