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A&P 1 > Chapter 8 - Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joint

A

the area where two bones connect
- Help bind parts of the skeleton together
- Makes bone growth possible as there are more ends
- Allows for movement of bones

- 2 types of classifications; structural and functional
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2
Q

Structural Classifications of Joints

A
  • Fibrous: held by dense connective tissue
    • Cartilaginous: held by cartilage
      • Synovial: complex joint capsule structure
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3
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

A
  • Synarthrotic: immovable
  • Amphiarthrotic: slightly movable
  • Diarthrotic: freely moveable
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4
Q

Fibrous Joints

A
  • Held by dense connective tissue and lots of collagen fibers; provides close contact

includes:
- syndesmosis
- sutures
- gomphosis

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5
Q

Fibrous Joints: Syndesmosis:

A

slightly moveable bones bound by a sheet of dense connective tissue(interosseous membrane or tissue)
○ e.g. between radioulnar and between tibia-fibula

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6
Q

Fibrous Joint: Sutures

A

immovable thin layers of connective tissue between cranial bones
○ Margin of suture on cranial bones are like teeth which prevent movement
○ Sutural bones: bones created by sutures

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7
Q

Fibrous Joints: Gomphosis

A

immovable cone shaped bony process in a socket
○ E.g. root of our teeth which are held in place by the periodontal ligament

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8
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A
  • Connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage

includes:
- Synchondrosis
- Symphysis

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9
Q

Cartilaginous Joints: Syndochondrosis

A

bands of hyaline cartilage which are immovable
○ Temporary ones like epiphyseal plates
Permanent ones like between the manubrium

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10
Q

Cartilaginous Joints: symphysis

A

slightly moveable pads of fibrocartilage between bones
○ e.g. pubic symphysis, interverbal discs

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11
Q

Synovial Joints

A
  • all diarthrotic joints which have articular cartilage and joint capsules

includes:
- ball and socket
- condylar
- saddle
- pivot
- hinge
- plane/gliding

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12
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A

round head in a cup shaped cavity which has the widest range of motion
- e.g. Shoulder, hip
- allows for circumduction

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13
Q

Condylar Joint:

A

oval condyle fits into the elliptical cavity allowing for circumduction, flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
○ Metacarpal-phalanges

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14
Q

Plane/Gliding Joint

A

almost flat or slightly curved joints that allow for sliding motions
- radioulnar-carpal

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15
Q

Hinge Joint

A

convex surface fits into concave surface of the other bone allowing for flexion/extension and slight rotation
- knee, elbow

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16
Q

Pivot Joint

A

cylindrical surface rotates around a ring of another bone
- neck

17
Q

Saddle Joint

A

surfaces have both convex and concave surfaces which allows for biaxial movement
○ e.g. carpal-metacarpal

18
Q

How joints move?

A
  • Movement of joints is determined by the shape of the joint and the muscles attached
    ○ Origin: relatively fixed end
    ○ Insertion: more moveable end
    • When a muscle contracts, the insertion is brought towards the origin
19
Q

Circumduction

A

movement of a part of the body in a circular path

20
Q

Dislocation

A

displacement of articulating surfaces

21
Q

Sprain

A

tearing of connective tissue in joint, without bone dislocation

- Torn Ligaments: resulting from overtwisting, overextension, lifting heavy objects and falling
22
Q

Structure of Synovial Joints

A
  • Articular(hyaline) cartilage covers the ends of bones
  • Joint capsule
    ○ Outer fibrous layer is composed of ligaments
    ○ Synovial membrane
    ○ Synovial cavity which secretes synovial fluid
    ○ Menisci
    ○ Bursa; sacs of synovial fluid which cushions ligaments going over bony processes
23
Q

Bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa from overuse or stress

24
Q

Arthritis

A

inflammation, swelling, pain in a joint
- Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune
- Osteoarthritis: degenerative due to aging
- Lyme arthritis: caused by lyme disease
- Gout: build up of uric acid crystal in joint

25
Q

Joint Replacement

A
  • Can use synthetic materials like steel, titanium for bigger joints and silicone or ceramic for smaller joint replacements
    • Most common are hip and knee joint replacements
    • New joint replacement tech also coats them with hydroxyapatite so that the body better receives it and grows over it
26
Q

Jaw Joint

A
  • Consists of the mandible and temporal bone articulating between the mandibular condyle and mandibular fossa
  • An articular disc sits between the two surfaces and separates the synovial cavity in half
  • A modified hinge joint inferior to the articular disc allows depression/elevation while eating and the superior surface allows for gliding movements in grinding of food
27
Q

Shoulder Joint

A
  • Consists of the glenoid cavity and head of the humerus protected by the coracoid and acromion processes as well as by dense connective tissue and muscle
  • Tendons of several muscles blend with the fibrous layer of the shoulder capsule forming the rotator cuff
  • The glenoid labrum composed of fibrocartilage helps deepen the cavity
28
Q

Elbow Joint

A
  • Includes the hinge joint between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the plane joint between the capitulum of the humerus and the shallow depression on the head of the radius
    • Flexion extension occurs at the humerus-ulna connection while there is pronation/supination occurring due to the anular ligament at the head of the radius
29
Q

Hip Joint

A
  • Consists of the head of the femur and the acetabulum
  • Ligamentum capitis attaches to the fovea capitis and connective tissue in the acetabulum and helps carry blood vessels
  • Acetabular labrum in a horseshoe shaped ring of fibrocartilage deepens the cavity and encloses the head of the femur
30
Q

Knee Joint

A
  • Condyles of the femur and tibia are largely hinge joints but allow some rotation when the knee is flexed
  • Femur-patella joint is a plane joint
  • As the joint capsule is relatively weak the many ligaments and tendons strengthen it and cover the capsule anteriorly
  • C shaped menisci separate the articulating surface of the femur and tibia and help align them

A&P 1 (11 decks)

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