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Biology 1107 Lab > Lab 26: Nervous System > Flashcards

Lab 26: Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous System (NS) Components

A
  • made up of 2 divisions
    1. Central Nervous System(CNS): brain and the spinal cord
    2. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS): crainal and spinal nerves
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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • involuntary function
  • responsible for control of breathing and heartrate
  • parasympathetic: controls homeostatsis and the body at rest
  • sympathetic: responsible for the bodys response to threat and the “fight or flight” response
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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • voluntary function
  • part of the PNS
  • repsonsible for movement of muscle
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4
Q

Neuron

A
  • basic unit of the nervous system
  • contains: axon, dendrites, cell body, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, Node of Ranvier, and Synaptic Cells
  • surrounded by glial cells
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5
Q

Axon

A

-sends signals from the cell body through the axon to other cells

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

-receives signals through the dendrites from other cells to the cell body

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7
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

-increases speed of nerve impulses

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8
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • cells on the axon of the nerve
  • support the neuron
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9
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

-impulse travels from node to node along the axon

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10
Q

Synaptic Cells

A
  • located at the ends of the axon
  • transfer electrical impulse from one cell to another
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11
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

-send signals from the body to the CNS

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12
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

-send signals from the CNS to the body

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13
Q

Basic Neuron Structure

A
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14
Q

Motor Neurons

A

-located in the spinal cord

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15
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A
  • located in skeletal muscle
  • motor neurons allow voluntary movement
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16
Q

Spinal Cord Slide

A

-contains gray matter, white matter, and central canal

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17
Q

Brain Lateral View

A
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18
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • largest portion of the brain
  • controls motor functions, sensory impulse, speech, emotion, etc.
  • divided into right and left hemispheres and 4 lobes
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19
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • outermost layer of the cerebrum
  • composed of grey matter
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20
Q

Gyri

A

-bumps in the cerebral cortex

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21
Q

Sulci

A

-groove in the cerebral cortex

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22
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

-visual and intuitive processing

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23
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

-language and logical processing

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24
Q

Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure

A

-separates the two hemispheres of the brain

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25
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • front portion of brain
  • thought, memory, judgement
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26
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • middle portion of brain
  • processing of sensory input
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27
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • side portion of brain
  • auditory reception and interpretation
  • expressed behavior and speech
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28
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • back portion of brain
  • visual reception
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29
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • located in back of the brain
  • voluntary movement and balance
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30
Q

Pons

A
  • beginning of the brain stem
  • relays information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum
  • regualtes respiration
  • controls arousal
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31
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • located underneath the pons
  • regulates respiration and circulation
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32
Q

Brain Midsagittal View

A
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33
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • connects the two hemispheres internally
  • integrates motor, sensory, and cognitive signals between the two hemispheres
34
Q

Thalamus

A
  • structure in the middle of the brain
  • processes sleep, consciousness, and sensory interpretations
35
Q

Pituitary

A

-endocrine system gland that produces hormones

36
Q

Brain Inferior View

A
37
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A
  • cranial nerve
  • responsible for sense of smell
38
Q

Optic Chiasm

A
  • X-shaped structure on the underside of the brain
  • contains the optic nerve responsible for vision
39
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  • specialized neurons located in the retina
  • responsible for transferring light into signals
40
Q

Chemoreceptors

A
  • receptors of the PNS located in blood vessels
  • sense change in chemical concentration
41
Q

Human Eye Diagram

A
42
Q

Cornea

A
  • outermost lens of the eye
  • protects the eye and transmitts light
43
Q

Iris

A
  • colored part of the eye
  • controls the amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil
44
Q

Lens

A
  • structure located behind the iris
  • focuses light onto the retina
45
Q

Pupil

A
  • opening in the center of the iris
  • changes size depending on the amount of light
46
Q

Optic Nerve

A
  • located in the back of the eye
  • transmits impulses from the retina to the brain
47
Q

Anterior Chamber

A

-fluid filled space behind the iris

-

48
Q

Suspensory Ligament

A
  • series of fibers that connect the ciliary body to the lens
  • provides support
49
Q

Ciliary Body

A

-structure that releases transparent liquid

50
Q

Posterior Cavity

A
  • space in the eye behind the lens
  • filled with a watery filled called aqueous humor
51
Q

Sclera

A
  • outermost layer of the eye
  • fibrous and protective
52
Q

Choroid

A
  • middle layer of the eye
  • vascular layer containing connective tissue
53
Q

Retina

A
  • sensitive inner layer of the eye
  • trigger nerve impulses that pass through the optic nerve
54
Q

Fovea Centralis

A
  • small depression in the retina of the eye
  • highest location of visual activity
55
Q

Blind Spot (optic disc)

A
  • raised disc on the retina located at the opening of the optic nerve
  • lacks visual receptors
56
Q

Tapetum Lucidium

A
  • extra layer of tissue in the eyes of animals
  • allows for night vision
57
Q

Eye Tissue Slide

A
58
Q

Snellen Eye Chart

A
  • tests vision
  • the first 20 represents the distance in feet the person is standing away from the chart
  • 20/15 is great vision
  • 20/40 is bad vision
59
Q

Astigmatism

A
  • irregularities in the cornea or lens
  • affect how the light rays enter the eye
  • vision will be blurred when focusing of a single point
60
Q

Farsightedness

A
  • inability to focus on objects nearby
  • also called hyperopia
61
Q

Nearsightedness

A
  • inability to focus on distant objects
  • also called myopia
62
Q

Anatomy of the Human Ear

A

-made up of three parts: outer, middle, and inner

63
Q

Structures of the Outer Ear

A

-contains the pinna (auricle), external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

64
Q

Pinna (Auricle) Function

A

-collects and amplifies sounds

65
Q

External Auditory Canal Function

A
  • contains a waxy substance which aids in cleaning and lubricating and protecingthe ear canal
  • carries sound from the pinna to the middle ear
66
Q

Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) Function

A

-transmits and amplifies sounds from the air to the sounds in fluid to the middle ear

67
Q

Structures of the Middle Ear

A

-contains the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)

68
Q

Malleus (Hammer) Function

A

-transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus

69
Q

Incus (Anvil) Function

A

-transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes

70
Q

Stapes (Stirrup) Function

A

-transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the inner ear membrane

71
Q

Structures of the Inner Ear

A

-contains the oval window, semicircular canals, cochlea, and eustachain (auditory) tube

72
Q

Oval Window Function

A

-intersection opening between the middle and inner ear

73
Q

Semicircular Canals Function

A
  • provides sensory input
  • filled with fluid called endolymph with motor neurons
74
Q

Cochlea Function

A
  • filled with perilymph liquid which moves in response to vibrations
  • transfers vibrations in the liquid to neural messages
75
Q

Eustachain (Auditory) Tube Function

A
  • links the nasopharynx to the middle ear
  • equalizes pressure and drains mucus from the middle ear
76
Q

Organ of Corti

A
  • structure in the cochlea
  • produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations
77
Q

Conduction

A
  • amplification of sound waves in the middle ear (ossicles)
  • allows us to hear and distingusih sound
78
Q

Stimulation of Receptors

A

-stimulation of hair cells in the organ of Corti in the cochlea allow us to hear and disgusih sounds

79
Q

Transmittance

A
  • transmitting of the resulting action potential from the cochlear nerve to the auditory centers of the brain
  • allows us to hear and distinguish sounds
80
Q

Reflex

A
  • autonomc response of a muscle to a stimulus
  • measured by an EKG
  • can be reinforced by slight voluntary contractions of other muscles

Biology 1107 Lab (9 decks)

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