Lab 26: Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Nervous System (NS) Components
A
- made up of 2 divisions
1. Central Nervous System(CNS): brain and the spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System(PNS): crainal and spinal nerves
2
Q
Autonomic Nervous System
A
- involuntary function
- responsible for control of breathing and heartrate
- parasympathetic: controls homeostatsis and the body at rest
- sympathetic: responsible for the bodys response to threat and the “fight or flight” response
3
Q
Somatic Nervous System
A
- voluntary function
- part of the PNS
- repsonsible for movement of muscle
4
Q
Neuron
A
- basic unit of the nervous system
- contains: axon, dendrites, cell body, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, Node of Ranvier, and Synaptic Cells
- surrounded by glial cells
5
Q
Axon
A
-sends signals from the cell body through the axon to other cells
6
Q
Dendrites
A
-receives signals through the dendrites from other cells to the cell body
7
Q
Myelin Sheath
A
-increases speed of nerve impulses
8
Q
Schwann Cells
A
- cells on the axon of the nerve
- support the neuron
9
Q
Node of Ranvier
A
-impulse travels from node to node along the axon
10
Q
Synaptic Cells
A
- located at the ends of the axon
- transfer electrical impulse from one cell to another
11
Q
Afferent Neurons
A
-send signals from the body to the CNS
12
Q
Efferent Neurons
A
-send signals from the CNS to the body
13
Q
Basic Neuron Structure
A
14
Q
Motor Neurons
A
-located in the spinal cord
15
Q
Neuromuscular Junction
A
- located in skeletal muscle
- motor neurons allow voluntary movement
16
Q
Spinal Cord Slide
A
-contains gray matter, white matter, and central canal
17
Q
Brain Lateral View
A
18
Q
Cerebrum
A
- largest portion of the brain
- controls motor functions, sensory impulse, speech, emotion, etc.
- divided into right and left hemispheres and 4 lobes
19
Q
Cerebral Cortex
A
- outermost layer of the cerebrum
- composed of grey matter
20
Q
Gyri
A
-bumps in the cerebral cortex
21
Q
Sulci
A
-groove in the cerebral cortex
22
Q
Right Hemisphere
A
-visual and intuitive processing
23
Q
Left Hemisphere
A
-language and logical processing
24
Q
Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure
A
-separates the two hemispheres of the brain
25
Frontal Lobe
- front portion of brain
- thought, memory, judgement
26
Parietal Lobe
- middle portion of brain
- processing of sensory input
27
Temporal Lobe
- side portion of brain
- auditory reception and interpretation
- expressed behavior and speech
28
Occipital Lobe
- back portion of brain
- visual reception
29
Cerebellum
- located in back of the brain
- voluntary movement and balance
30
Pons
- beginning of the brain stem
- relays information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum
- regualtes respiration
- controls arousal
31
Medulla Oblongata
- located underneath the pons
- regulates respiration and circulation
32
Brain Midsagittal View
33
Corpus Callosum
- connects the two hemispheres internally
- integrates motor, sensory, and cognitive signals between the two hemispheres
34
Thalamus
- structure in the middle of the brain
- processes sleep, consciousness, and sensory interpretations
35
Pituitary
-endocrine system gland that produces hormones
36
Brain Inferior View
37
Olfactory Nerve
- cranial nerve
- responsible for sense of smell
38
Optic Chiasm
- X-shaped structure on the underside of the brain
- contains the optic nerve responsible for vision
39
Photoreceptors
- specialized neurons located in the retina
- responsible for transferring light into signals
40
Chemoreceptors
- receptors of the PNS located in blood vessels
- sense change in chemical concentration
41
Human Eye Diagram
42
Cornea
- outermost lens of the eye
- protects the eye and transmitts light
43
Iris
- colored part of the eye
- controls the amount of light that enters the eye by changing the size of the pupil
44
Lens
- structure located behind the iris
- focuses light onto the retina
45
Pupil
- opening in the center of the iris
- changes size depending on the amount of light
46
Optic Nerve
- located in the back of the eye
- transmits impulses from the retina to the brain
47
Anterior Chamber
-fluid filled space behind the iris
-
48
Suspensory Ligament
- series of fibers that connect the ciliary body to the lens
- provides support
49
Ciliary Body
-structure that releases transparent liquid
50
Posterior Cavity
- space in the eye behind the lens
- filled with a watery filled called **aqueous humor**
51
Sclera
- outermost layer of the eye
- fibrous and protective
52
Choroid
- middle layer of the eye
- vascular layer containing connective tissue
53
Retina
- sensitive inner layer of the eye
- trigger nerve impulses that pass through the optic nerve
54
Fovea Centralis
- small depression in the retina of the eye
- highest location of visual activity
55
Blind Spot (optic disc)
- raised disc on the retina located at the opening of the optic nerve
- lacks visual receptors
56
Tapetum Lucidium
- extra layer of tissue in the eyes of animals
- allows for night vision
57
Eye Tissue Slide
58
Snellen Eye Chart
- tests vision
- the first 20 represents the distance in feet the person is standing away from the chart
- 20/15 is great vision
- 20/40 is bad vision
59
Astigmatism
- irregularities in the cornea or lens
- affect how the light rays enter the eye
- vision will be blurred when focusing of a single point
60
Farsightedness
- inability to focus on objects nearby
- also called **hyperopia**
61
Nearsightedness
- inability to focus on distant objects
- also called **myopia**
62
Anatomy of the Human Ear
-made up of three parts: outer, middle, and inner
63
Structures of the Outer Ear
-contains the pinna (auricle), external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
64
Pinna (Auricle) Function
-collects and amplifies sounds
65
External Auditory Canal Function
- contains a waxy substance which aids in cleaning and lubricating and protecingthe ear canal
- carries sound from the pinna to the middle ear
66
Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) Function
-transmits and amplifies sounds from the air to the sounds in fluid to the middle ear
67
Structures of the Middle Ear
-contains the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup)
68
Malleus (Hammer) Function
-transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus
69
Incus (Anvil) Function
-transmits sound vibrations from the malleus to the stapes
70
Stapes (Stirrup) Function
-transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the inner ear membrane
71
Structures of the Inner Ear
-contains the oval window, semicircular canals, cochlea, and eustachain (auditory) tube
72
Oval Window Function
-intersection opening between the middle and inner ear
73
Semicircular Canals Function
- provides sensory input
- filled with fluid called **endolymph** with motor neurons
74
Cochlea Function
- filled with **perilymph** liquid which moves in response to vibrations
- transfers vibrations in the liquid to neural messages
75
Eustachain (Auditory) Tube Function
- links the nasopharynx to the middle ear
- equalizes pressure and drains mucus from the middle ear
76
Organ of Corti
- structure in the cochlea
- produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations
77
Conduction
- amplification of sound waves in the middle ear (**ossicles**)
- allows us to hear and distingusih sound
78
Stimulation of Receptors
-stimulation of hair cells in the organ of Corti in the cochlea allow us to hear and disgusih sounds
79
Transmittance
- transmitting of the resulting action potential from the cochlear nerve to the auditory centers of the brain
- allows us to hear and distinguish sounds
80
Reflex
- autonomc response of a muscle to a stimulus
- measured by an EKG
- can be **reinforced** by slight voluntary contractions of other muscles
