Lab 23: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Arteries
- carry oxygenated blood
- thick muscular layer
Veins
- carry deoxygenated blood
- open thin layer
Capillaries
-location of gas exchange of oxygenated blood from the arterioles, to deoxygenated blood to the venules
Function of Blood Flow
-transports blood, nutrients, and oxygen throughout the body
Flow of blood through the heart (right side)
Pulmonary (deoxygenated) side
- inferior vena cava
- superior vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary semilunar valve
- pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary artery
- lungs
Flow of blood through the heart (left side)
Systematic (oxygenated) side
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- bicuspid valve
- left ventricle
- aortic semilunar valve
- aorta
- body
Flow of Blood in Heart Diagram
Function of Valves
-stop the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atriums
Exception of Pulmonary Artery
-carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart
Exception of Pulmonary Vein
-carry oxygenated blood toward the heart
Exception of Umbilical Artery
-carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the mother
Exception of the Umbilical Vein
-carries oxygenated blood from the mother to the fetus
Ductus Arteriosus
- present in the fetal pig
- opening between pulmonary artery and aorta is created causing the mixing of blood
- due to the fact that the lungs aren’t fully developed
- blood is transporte to the mother to get oxygenated for the fetus
Foramen Ovale
- tube between the right and left atrium
- causes mixing of blood
- only present in fetal pig
Flow of Blood in Neck Diagram
Carotid Arteries
-carries oxygenated blood to the head and neck region
Internal and External Jugular Vein
-carries deoxygenated blood to the cranial vena cava which then goes to the right atrium
Renal Artery
-provides oxygenated blood to the kidney
Renal Vein
-collects deoxygenated blood from the kidneys
Blood Composition
- special type of connective tissue
- contains 3 main classes of formed elements:erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes
- suspended in a nonliving matrix called plasma
Erythrocyes
- red blood cells
- small, flattened biconcave discs
- lack a nucleus
- primary vehicles of gas exchange due to respiratory pigment hemoglobin
- confined in vascualr system
Platelets
- smallest of the formed elements also known as thrombocytes
- cell fragments derived from stem cells in bone marrow
- lack a nucleus
- tiny, irregular shaped
Leukocytes
- white blood cells
- fight infections and produce antibodies
- can move out of blood vessels to seek and destroy bacteria, viruses, and tumors
- large, purple stains
- classify into granulocytes and agranulocytes
Granulocytes
- deeply stained particles in cytoplasm
- fight infection
- neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Neutrophils
- one to five lobe elongated nucleus
- cytoplasm contains fine granules
Eosinophils
- two lobe nucleus
- cytoplasm contains large granules
Basophils
- two lobe nucleus
- cytoplasm contains multiple granules
Agranulocytes
- show no particles in cytoplasm
- lymphocytes and monocytes
Lymphocytes
- smallest leukocyte
- large, round nucleus that occupies most of the cell
Monocytes
- largest leukocyte
- large irregular shaped nucleus
- contains large amount of cytoplasm
Atherosclerosis
- buildup of plaque
- impairs the flow of blood and oxygen to the myocardium (heart muscle)
- can lead to a heart attack
Sickel Cell Anemia
- hereditary condition
- production of abnormal hemoglobin by a defective gene
- inefficient at carrying oxygen and can easily lead to clots and build up in veins
- cells appear flattened and sickle shaped
Leukemia
- type of cancer that involves overproduction of leukocytes
- lack normal functions
Cardiac Muscle
- striated
- contains centered nucleus
- contains intercalated discs: dense bands between muscle fibers
- allow electrical impulses to travel through the myocardium (heart muscle)
Antibodies
- circulate in the blood serum
- bond with specific antigens to show blood type
- anti-A, anti-B, anti-Rh
Agglutination Reaction
- the binding and clumping of antibodies and antigens
- when this happens, the blood types that clump is the blood type that is present
Blood Types
- A, B, AB, O
- AB: universal recipient; can receive any blood type; contains anti-A and anti-B antigens
- O: universal donor; can give to any blood type; lacks antigens
Rh antigen
- Rh+ or Rh-
- In Rh- individuals, anti-Rh antibodies will develope only in exposure with Rh+ cells
Components of Heart Beat/Pulse
- lub: antrioventricular (AV) valve
- dub: semilunar valvles
- detected with the use of a stethoscope or middle fingers on your radial artery in the wrist
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
- recording of the electrical potential differences resulting from depolarization and repolarization of the heart as it contracts
- produces P waves, QRS complex, and T wave
Cardiac Cycle
-flow of impulses from the heart
Sinoatrial (SA) node
- origin of the cardiac muscle
- cluster of specialized cells located in the right atrium
- carries impulse over the atrail musculature to the AV node
Antroventricular (AV) node
- located on the right side of the interatrial septum
- carries impulse to the AV bundle: right and left bundle branches
- depolarization of impulse
Purkinje Network
- termination of the impulse
- located in the walls of the ventricles
P waves
- activation of impulse
- corresponds with the depolarization of the SA node
QRS complex
-depolarization of the ventricles after the impulse reaches the Purkinje fibers
T waves
-repolarization of ventricles
Blood Pressure
- measure of the force exerte by blood on the elastic walls of the artery
- measures in units of mm Hg
- sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure
-pressure that the heart exerts when the ventricles are contracting
Diastolic Blood Pressure
- the pressure when the heart is at rest
- reflects health of cardio. system
Stroke Volume
-amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat
Cardiac Output
-calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the pulse rate
