lab 2: CT's, intro to muscles, joints Flashcards
types of connective tissue proper (under 2 classifications)
loose: areolar, adipose, reticular
dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
types of fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
types of supporting connective tissue (under 2 classifications)
cartilage: hyaline, elastic, fibrous
bone: spongy, compact
3 basic components of CTs
- specialized cells
- extracellular protein fibers
- fluid (ground substance)
6 functions of CTs
- establishing structural framework
- transporting fluids and dissolved materials
- protection for organs
- supporting, surrounding and interconnecting other tissue types
- storing energy reserves (lipids)
- defending against microorganisms
components of areolar tissue (3 cells, 3 fibres)
fibrocytic nuclei, macrophages and mast cells
reticular, elastic and collagen fibers
loose areolar CT, location and function
location: between muscles, around blood vessels nerves and joints, digestive urinary and respiratory tracts
functions: cushions organs, provides support but permits independent movement, phagocytic cells defend against pathogens
loose adipose CT location and function
location: deep to skin, sides, buttock and breasts, padding around eyes and kidneys
functions: provides padding, cushions shocks, insulates, stores energy
loose reticular CT location and function
location: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
functions: provides supporting framework
dense regular CT location and function
location: between skeletal muscles and skeleton, between bones and internal organs, covering skeletal muscle
function: provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction between muscles, stabilizes relative position of bones
dense irregular CT location and function
location: capsules of visceral organs, periostea and perichondria, nerve and muscle sheaths, dermis
function: provides strength to resist forces from many directions, prevents over expansion of organs
hyaline cartilage location and function
location: between tips of ribs and bones of sternum, covering bone at synovial joints, larynx, trachea and bronchi, nasal septum
function: provides stiff but flexible support, reduces friction between bony surfaces
elastic cartilage location and function
location: auricle of external ear, epiglottis, auditory canal, cuneiform cartilage of larynx
function: provides support, tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape
fibrous cartilage location and function
location: pads within knee joint, between pubic bones of pelvis (pubic symphysis), intervertebral discs
function: resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits relative movement
osteocytes
mature bone cell; maintains and monitors protein and mineral content of bone matrix, resides in lacunae
osteoblasts
immature bone cell; secretes organs compounds of matrix; production of new bone (osteogenesis)
osteoprogenitor cells
stem cells; divide to proceed osteoblasts
osteoclasts
multinucleated; secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix, releases calcium and phosphate
canaliculi
interconnect lacune to each other and the central canal to provide a route for the diffusion of nutrients and waste from one osteocyte to another
layers of the periosteum (2)
fibrous layer: dense irregular CT
osteogenic layer: osteoprogenitor (stem) cells
layer of endosteum
incomplete single celled layer containing osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts
functions of bones
- structural support for body, framework for soft tissue and organs
- storage of minerals (Ca+ reserve, regulates ions in blood)
- blood cell production (RBC, WBC, platelets)
- protection of tissues and organs
- leverage (ability to change magnitude and direction of forces by skeletal muscle)
long bone examples
humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges
short bone examples
carpal bones, tarsal bones
flat bone examples
roof of skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae
sesamoid bones examples
patella
irregular bone examples
vertebrae
pneumatized bone examples
ethmoid bone
anatomical name for muscle cell and muscle cell membrane
muscle fiber, endomysium
epimysium location
surrounds entire muscle
perimysium location
surrounds muscle fascicles (a bundle of muscle fibres)
endomysium
surrounds individual skeletal muscle fibers
5 functions of skeletal muscles
- produce skeletal movement
- maintain posture and body position
- support soft tissue
- regulate entering and exiting of material
- maintain body temperature
ex. of parallel muscles (fusiform)
biceps brachii
ex. of parallel muscle with tendinous bands
rectus abdominis muscle
ex. of wrapping muscle
supinator
ex. of convergent muscle
pectoralis muscle
ex of unipennate muscle
extensor digitorum muscle
ex. of bipennate muscle
rectus femoris muscle
ex. of multipennate muscle
deltoid muscle
ex. of circular muscle
orbicularis muscle
definition of a joint
articulation between two bones
synarthrotic fibrous suture joint
located between bones of skull, edges of the bones are interlocked and bound at the suture by dense fibrous CT
amphiarthrotic fibrous syndesmosis joint
bones connected by a ligament (amphiarthrotic fibrous syndesmosis joint)
amphiarthrotic cartilaginous symphesis joint
articulating bones separated by wedge/pad of fibrous cartilage (pubic symphysis)
