lab 2: CT's, intro to muscles, joints

Question 1

types of connective tissue proper (under 2 classifications)

Answer 1

loose: areolar, adipose, reticular
dense: dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

Question 2

types of fluid connective tissue

Answer 2

blood and lymph

Question 3

types of supporting connective tissue (under 2 classifications)

Answer 3

cartilage: hyaline, elastic, fibrous
bone: spongy, compact

Question 4

3 basic components of CTs

Answer 4

• specialized cells
• extracellular protein fibers
• fluid (ground substance)

Question 5

6 functions of CTs

Answer 5

• establishing structural framework
• transporting fluids and dissolved materials
• protection for organs
• supporting, surrounding and interconnecting other tissue types
• storing energy reserves (lipids)
• defending against microorganisms

Question 6

components of areolar tissue (3 cells, 3 fibres)

Answer 6

fibrocytic nuclei, macrophages and mast cells

reticular, elastic and collagen fibers

Question 7

loose areolar CT, location and function

Answer 7

location: between muscles, around blood vessels nerves and joints, digestive urinary and respiratory tracts
functions: cushions organs, provides support but permits independent movement, phagocytic cells defend against pathogens

Question 8

loose adipose CT location and function

Answer 8

location: deep to skin, sides, buttock and breasts, padding around eyes and kidneys
functions: provides padding, cushions shocks, insulates, stores energy

Question 9

loose reticular CT location and function

Answer 9

location: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
functions: provides supporting framework

Question 10

dense regular CT location and function

Answer 10

location: between skeletal muscles and skeleton, between bones and internal organs, covering skeletal muscle
function: provides firm attachment, conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction between muscles, stabilizes relative position of bones

Question 11

dense irregular CT location and function

Answer 11

location: capsules of visceral organs, periostea and perichondria, nerve and muscle sheaths, dermis
function: provides strength to resist forces from many directions, prevents over expansion of organs

Question 12

hyaline cartilage location and function

Answer 12

location: between tips of ribs and bones of sternum, covering bone at synovial joints, larynx, trachea and bronchi, nasal septum
function: provides stiff but flexible support, reduces friction between bony surfaces

Question 13

elastic cartilage location and function

Answer 13

location: auricle of external ear, epiglottis, auditory canal, cuneiform cartilage of larynx
function: provides support, tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

Question 14

fibrous cartilage location and function

Answer 14

location: pads within knee joint, between pubic bones of pelvis (pubic symphysis), intervertebral discs
function: resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits relative movement

Question 15

osteocytes

Answer 15

mature bone cell; maintains and monitors protein and mineral content of bone matrix, resides in lacunae

Question 16

osteoblasts

Answer 16

immature bone cell; secretes organs compounds of matrix; production of new bone (osteogenesis)

Question 17

osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 17

stem cells; divide to proceed osteoblasts

Question 18

osteoclasts

Answer 18

multinucleated; secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix, releases calcium and phosphate

Question 19

canaliculi

Answer 19

interconnect lacune to each other and the central canal to provide a route for the diffusion of nutrients and waste from one osteocyte to another

Question 20

layers of the periosteum (2)

Answer 20

fibrous layer: dense irregular CT

osteogenic layer: osteoprogenitor (stem) cells

Question 21

layer of endosteum

Answer 21

incomplete single celled layer containing osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 22

functions of bones

Answer 22

• structural support for body, framework for soft tissue and organs
• storage of minerals (Ca+ reserve, regulates ions in blood)
• blood cell production (RBC, WBC, platelets)
• protection of tissues and organs
• leverage (ability to change magnitude and direction of forces by skeletal muscle)

Question 23

long bone examples

Answer 23

humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, phalanges

Question 24

short bone examples

Answer 24

carpal bones, tarsal bones

Question 25

flat bone examples

Answer 25

roof of skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae

Question 26

sesamoid bones examples

Answer 26

patella

Question 27

irregular bone examples

Answer 27

vertebrae

Question 28

pneumatized bone examples

Answer 28

ethmoid bone

Question 29

anatomical name for muscle cell and muscle cell membrane

Answer 29

muscle fiber, endomysium

Question 30

epimysium location

Answer 30

surrounds entire muscle

Question 31

perimysium location

Answer 31

surrounds muscle fascicles (a bundle of muscle fibres)

Question 32

endomysium

Answer 32

surrounds individual skeletal muscle fibers

Question 33

5 functions of skeletal muscles

Answer 33

• produce skeletal movement
• maintain posture and body position
• support soft tissue
• regulate entering and exiting of material
• maintain body temperature

Question 34

ex. of parallel muscles (fusiform)

Answer 34

biceps brachii

Question 35

ex. of parallel muscle with tendinous bands

Answer 35

rectus abdominis muscle

Question 36

ex. of wrapping muscle

Answer 36

supinator

Question 37

ex. of convergent muscle

Answer 37

pectoralis muscle

Question 38

ex of unipennate muscle

Answer 38

extensor digitorum muscle

Question 39

ex. of bipennate muscle

Answer 39

rectus femoris muscle

Question 40

ex. of multipennate muscle

Answer 40

deltoid muscle

Question 41

ex. of circular muscle

Answer 41

orbicularis muscle

Question 42

definition of a joint

Answer 42

articulation between two bones

Question 43

synarthrotic fibrous suture joint

Answer 43

located between bones of skull, edges of the bones are interlocked and bound at the suture by dense fibrous CT

Question 44

amphiarthrotic fibrous syndesmosis joint

Answer 44

bones connected by a ligament (amphiarthrotic fibrous syndesmosis joint)

Question 45

amphiarthrotic cartilaginous symphesis joint

Answer 45

articulating bones separated by wedge/pad of fibrous cartilage (pubic symphysis)