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Bio102 > Lab 12: Comparative Skeletology > Flashcards

Lab 12: Comparative Skeletology Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrostatic Skeleton

A

muscles place pressure on fluid in an internal body compartment that resists compression and therefore provides a structure for muscles to act on; the pressure on the fluid also causes changes in the shape of an animal

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2
Q

Spicules belong to…

A

Sponges

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3
Q

Ossicles and spines belong to …

A

echinoderms

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4
Q

A chitinous exoskeleton belongs to…

A

Arthropods

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5
Q

Calcium Carbonate Shells belong to…

A

Molluscs

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6
Q

Functions of the skeletal system:

A

-Support for muscles, organs, and soft tissues
-Leverage and movement
-Protection
-Storage of minerals
-Blood cell formation occurs within some bone tissue

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7
Q

Is a bone dry and brittle?

A

No, a living bone is a vascular tissue - not dry and brittle

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8
Q

What is a cursorial animal?

A

An animal with limbs adapted for running

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9
Q

Will increasing the length of the leg, increase or decrease stride length?

A

Increase

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10
Q

Will increasing stride length increase or decrease the speed at which an animal can run?

A

Increase

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11
Q

What foot position belongs to a cursor?

A

Unguligrade

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12
Q

Animals with a high degree of extension and flexion in the spine are cursors.

A

True

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13
Q

What two major regions are the skeletal system of vertebrates composed of?

A

axial and appendicular

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14
Q

What is the axial skeleton composed of?

A

the skull, the ribs, the vertebral column, bones of the inner ear, and hyoid

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15
Q

What are the five regions the vertebral column is organized into?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx

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16
Q

What is the function of the cervical vertebrae? How many do human have?

A

To be a flexible framework for the neck and supports the head; human have 7

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17
Q

What is the function of the thoracic vertebrae? How many do humans have?

A

The thoracic vertebrae have ribs attached; there are 12 in humans

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18
Q

What is the function of the lumbar vertebrae? How many do humans have?

A

They help support the body’s weight and are attached to many of the back muscles; humans have 5

19
Q

In a typical vertebrae, describe the spinous process?

A

projects to the back and serves as attachment of muscles and ligaments

20
Q

What are the two projections to each side of a vertebra called?

A

Transverse processes

21
Q

What is the hole in the center (between the transverse processes) called?

A

Vertebral foremen

22
Q

Name the bones of the upper limb (forelimb):

A

humerus, radius, ulna, carpals (wrist bones), metacarpals (hand bones), and phalanges (digits or fingers)

23
Q

Name the bones of the lower limb (hindlimb):

A

femur, tibia (bigger), fibula (smaller), tarsals (ankle bones), metatarsals (foot bones), and phalanges (toes)

24
Q

What connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

A

The pectoral

25
Q

What two bones form the shoulder?

A

The clavicle and scapula

26
Q

What is the pelvic girdle formed by?

A

The hip/coxal bone

27
Q

The hip bone is formed by the fusion of three bones — what are they?

A

the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis

28
Q

The hip socket, which articulates with the femur, is _________(larger/smaller) and ________(shallower/deeper) than that of the shoulder

A

larger; deeper

29
Q

A _______ is a fibrous muscle tissue, which attaches muscle to bone. A _______ serves to move the bone or structure the muscle to which it is attached contracts

A

tendon

30
Q

A ______ is a fibrous connective tissue, which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable

A

ligament

31
Q

The ____________ extends from the base of the skull, in humans, to the spinous process of the last cervical vertebra. This ______ limits flexion (when you move your chin to your chest) of the cervical vertebrae in humans

A

Nuchal ligament; ligament

32
Q

_______ indicate where a muscle tendon or ligament attaches

A

Projections

33
Q

Which type of projections have a roughened surface?

A

Projections

34
Q

The ________ is a ridge that extends laterally across the back of the skull and serves as a point of attachment for strong neck muscles? These muscles serve to position, move, and stabilize the head and cervical vertebrae

A

Nuchal crest

35
Q

T/F: the human sternum flat

A

True

36
Q

What is a keel?

A

a bone extension of the breastbone, or sternum, that provides an anchor for flight muscles

37
Q

Are the bones in sugar gliders and flying squirrels an analogous or a homologous trait?

A

homologous

38
Q

The two gliders had an ancestor with the same pattern of bones in its limbs as these animals. What was that ancestor?

A

Lobe-finned fish

39
Q

Is the gliding membrane of the two gliders, an analogous trait or a homologous trait?

A

Analogous

40
Q

The bones of forelimb/upper limb of vertebrates are _______ structures

A

homologous

41
Q

An animal with _______ posture has the full length of its foot, including ankles and foot bones, on the ground during each stride— what foot posture fits this description?

A

Plantigrade; humans, bears, and wombats are examples

42
Q

An animal with _______ posture has most of the length of their digits, but not the soles of their feet, in contact with the ground— what foot posture fits this description?

A

Digitigrade; dogs and cats are examples

43
Q

An animal with ________ posture walks on their tiptoes, often on hooves, only the hoof touches the ground when standing or moving— what foot posture fits this description?

A

Unguligrade; deer and horses are examples

Bio102 (12 decks)

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