Lab 12 Flashcards
What are the two categories in bone tissue?
Organic and inorganic
What are the organic aspects of bone tissue?
Bone cells
Osteoid: material between bone cells mostly made of protein. Main protein is collagen giving flexibility to bones (so they bend slightly on impact instead of breaking)
What are the inorganic aspects of bone tissue?
Minerals: specifically CaPO4, calcium phosphate
-Hydroxyapatite crystals: CaPO4 + other minerals create cubes (crystallite structures) around collagen fibers to give bone hardness (hydroxyapatite without collagen would be brittle and break on impact)
What are the gross bone structures?
Diaphysis: long hollow shaft
Epiphyses: (2) ends surrounding the diaphysis
Epiphyseal line (plate): cartilage area between diaphysis and epiphyses allows bones to grow- turns into bone when bone is stopped growing
Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage covering epiphyses at joints
Periosteum: “around the bone” covers all surfaces of the bone not covered by articular cartilage. Two layers
-Fibrous layer: dense irregular layer, allows new bone cells and tissue
-Osteogenic layer: “bone generating layer” allow new bone cells and tissue
Medullary Cavity: hollow area within the diaphysis
Endosteum: Line medullary cavity
-Osteogenic layer: makes bone cells and tissue
What are long bones?
Bones that are longer than they are wide
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact bone: right under periosteum
Spongy bone: always interior
What are the structures of compact bone?
Made of osteons, cylindrical column subunits that are side by side without space in between making this tissue dense
-Haversian (central) canal: in center “bulls eye” containing blood vessels and nerves
-Lacuna: spaces around Haversian canal containing living osteocytes. “Rooms (little space) for osteocytes.”
-Canaliculi: canals (little tunnels) off lacuna to contact other lacunas and the haversian canal. Allows osteocytes to communicate with neighbors and exchange nutrients and waste
-Perforating canal: links blood vessels of osteons (links haversian canal)
-Lamellae: areas between lacuna with no cells
What are the structures of spongy bone?
Trabeculae: branching subunits of spongy bone
-contain osteocytes within lacuna
-blood vessels wrap around trabeculae
What can you identify in a hyaline cartilage slide?
Matrix- large areas surrounding lacuna
Lacuna- Circles within matrix
Chondrocyte: Dark dots within lacuna
What can you identify in a bone slide?
Haversian or central canal: Large dark dot
Lacuna: Dark small ovals
Canaliculi: vein-like tubes protruding from lacuna
What are the main cranium bones?
The frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone (anterior and superior to temporal, inferior to frontal), and ethmoid bone (internal anterior medial depression).
What is the structure in the frontal bone?
The frontal sinus
What are the structures in/near the temporal bone?
External:
External acoustic meatus (hole below temporal),
mastoid process (protrusion posterior, inferior to external acoustic meatus), zygomatic process of the zygomatic arch,
Carotid canal (base of skull, most anterior “well”)
Internal:
internal acoustic meatus (lateral to foramen magnum, superior to Jugular foramen)
What are the structures in/near the occipital bone?
External: Occipital condyle (“sticky up (down)” around foramen magnum
Internal:
Foramen magnum (large hole where brain stem passes)
jugular fossa (Medium holes lateral to foramen magnum)
jugular foramen (Tubular depression following posterior of internal skull)
What are the structures in/near the sphenoid bone?
Internal:
Sphenoid sinus
sella turcica (medial depression posterior to optic foramen)
greater wing (large lateral depression, inferior to lesser wing)
lesser wing (small cleft superior to greater wing)
optic canal/foramen (medial holes anterior to sella turncica)
What are the structure in/near the ethmoid bone?
Internal:
Ethmoid sinus
crista galli (raised medial structure)
cribriform plate (depression surrounding crista galli)
What are the large facial bones?
Mandible (mustache area)
Maxilla (jaw)
Palatine bone (posterior to roof of mouth)
zygomatic bone (cheek bones)
Lacrimal bone (rectangular bone just posterior to nasal bone)
Nasal bone (bridge of nose)
Vomer (Bone between nasal chambers)
What are the structures on/near the mandible?
Alveolar process (bumps associated with teeth)
Mandibular condyle (rounded portion of mandible @ attachment)
What are the structures on/near the maxilla?
Maxillary sinus
alveolar process (bumps associated with teeth)
palatine process (roof of mouth)
What is the structure associated with the zygomatic bone?
Temporal process of the zygomatic arch
What is the structure associated with the lacrimal bone?
Lacrimal fossa (Hole inferior to lacrimal bone)
What are the sutures?
Sagittal suture (center of skull “verticle”)
Coronal suture (tiara)
Squamous Suture (over temporal)
Lambdoid Suture (over occipital)
What are condyle?
The rounded portion of a bone
How are processes named?
Process are named after what they attach to.
What are the five structures found in a fetal skull that are not found in an adult skull?
Anterior fontanelle, posterior fontanelle, sphenoidal fontanelle, mastoid fontanelle, frontal suture (b/w frontal bones)
Where is the hyoid bone?
it does not articulate with another bone, it sits on the cartilage of the larynx (voice box) and is attached to the tongue.
What are the structures of a vertebrae?
Body: large anterior area
Intervertebral disk: structure between vertebrae
Arch: between body and posterior area
Vertebral foramen: hole for spinal cord
Transverse process: Lateral projections
Spinous process: posterior projection
Superior articular facet: near arch, up to interior articular of superior bone
Inferior articular facet: near arch, down to superior articular facet of inferior bone
Intervertebral foramina: space between vertebrae viewed laterally (only visable on articulated vertebrae)
Transverse foramen (cervical vertebrae only) opening in transverse process
How many cervical vertebrae are there, what are the two special ones, and what is their distinguishing feature?
Seven
Atlas: allows head to move side to side
Axis: allows head to move up and down, has upward projection to allow atlas to rotate
Distinguishing feature: transverse foramen
How many thoracic vertebrae are there and what is their distinguishing feature?
Twelve
Distinguishing feature: Costal (rib) facets on body and transverse process
How many lumbar vertebrae are there and what is their distinguishing feature?
Five
Distinguishing feature: disproportionately large body compared to other vertebrae
What are the special structures of the spine?
Lumbosacral articulation- Joint between L5 and S1:
Sacrum or sacral vertebrae (5 fused)
Coccyx (coccygeal vertebrae)
What are the thoracic bones?
Sternum: manubrium, body or gladiolus, xiphoid process
Costal cartilage
Ribs:
What are the sections of the ribs?
True ribs: 1-7, attach to sternum by on costal cartilage
False ribs: 8-10 attach to sternum by connected costal cartilage
Floating ribs (11-12): Do not attach to sternum
