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Human Anatomy & Physiology II Lab > Lab 1: Blood > Flashcards

Lab 1: Blood Flashcards

Ensure that you study what the Leukocytes look like in a microscope!

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

Connective Tissue

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2
Q

What is connective tissue composed of?

A

Matrix + Specialized Cells

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3
Q

What is whole blood?

A

Plasma + Formed Elements

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4
Q

What is plasma?

A

Viscous watery solution containing solutes

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5
Q

How much of whole blood does plasma make up approximately?

A

55%

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6
Q

What are formed elements, and what are the main three?

A

Specialized cells/cell fragments found in blood.

  1. Red Blood Cells
  2. White Blood cells
  3. Platelets
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7
Q

What is a red blood cell?

A

Erythrocytes

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8
Q

What is a white blood cell?

A

Leukocytes

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9
Q

What is a platelet?

A

Thrombocyte

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10
Q

How much of blood plasma is water?

A

92%

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11
Q

What protein in blood plasma that is soluble is converted into an insoluble form?

A

Fibrinogen is converted into Fibrin

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12
Q

What does Fibrin do?

A

Fibrin catches cells in the blood stream forming a blood clot.

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13
Q

What is Serum?

A

Serum is blood plasma without fibrinogen

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14
Q

What are the five types of white blood cells?

A
  1. Monocyte
  2. Lymphocyte
  3. Eosinophil
  4. Basophil
  5. Neutrophil
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15
Q

What is the most abundant of the formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

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16
Q

What are Erythrocytes “lacking?”

A
  1. A Nucleus
  2. Mitochondria

For this reason, they are not considered “living”

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17
Q

What are Erythrocytes filled almost entirely with?

A

Hemoglobin

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18
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin reversibly binds oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the rest of the cells in the body.

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19
Q

What are the functional/structural characteristics of Erythrocytes?

A
  1. They are extremely small (8 um)
  2. They have a flattened shape (allowing them to stack)
  3. They are bi-concave discs, (giving them the maximum surface area to volume ratio.)
20
Q

What is the most abundant to least abundant Leukocyte (WBC)?

A

neutrophils,lymphocyte, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

21
Q

What are lymphocytes and their characteristics?

A

Lymphocytes are cells of the lymphatic system, they have a smooth appearance and a thin crescent of cytoplasm.

22
Q

Where do basophils typically accumulate?

A

At the site of an injury

23
Q

What do basophils release?

A

Heparin & Histamines

24
Q

What is the function of Heparin?

A

Slows blood clotting

25
Q

What is the function of Histamine?

A

Causes dilation of blood vessels.

26
Q

What are the characteristics of basophils?

A

Dark granules
“Nerd candy” appearance

27
Q

Which white blood cell type is the most abundant?

A

Neutrophil

28
Q

What are the structure/function characteristics of neutrophil?

A

Phagocytic: engulfs/destroys foreign bodies.

Makes the yellow/white appearance of pus

Multi-lobed Nucleus

29
Q

What is the function of Monocytes?

A

They are Phagocytic and destroy invading pathogens and infected cells.

30
Q

What are the characteristics of Monocytes?

A

Large cell

U-Shaped Nucleus

31
Q

What is the function of Eosinophils?

A

They attack and destroy large invading organisms. ex. Parasites

32
Q

What are the characteristics of Eosinophils?

A

Light Granules

Bi-lobed Nucleus

33
Q

Are thrombocytes metabolically active and considered alive?

A

No

34
Q

Why are thrombocytes important for blood clotting?

A

They hold small sacs of proteins, specifically thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

35
Q

What is blood type determined by?

A

The antigens present on the surface of Erythrocytes (RBC).

36
Q

What determines of a blood type is positive or negative?

A

Rh antigen

37
Q

What does the body do in response to any type of blood type that is not naturally present?

A

Produce antibodies

38
Q

What occurs when blood types are mixed?

A

Agglutination: Clumping caused by antibodies binding to the alien blood cell antigens.

39
Q

What are the three blood pathologies we are expected to know?

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

Leukemia

Anemia

40
Q

What are the characteristics of sickle cell anemia?

A

Mutant hemoglobin distorts the shape of RBC into a crescent or sickle shape.

These RBC do not transport oxygen well.

They tend to clump up in blood vessels.

41
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

Cancer affecting Leukocytes (WBC). Abundant, mutant Leukocytes

42
Q

What is Anemia?

A

Anemia occurs when their is a lack of Red Blood Cells, or not enough hemoglobin content in them.

43
Q

What are the three blood tests we are expected to know?

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Hematocrit

Hemoglobin Scale

44
Q

What does a complete blood count do?

A

Provides an overall picture of a patient’s blood.

45
Q

What does a Hematocrit typically performed to do?

A

Rule out Anemia

Determines the percentage of RBC in whole blood.

Typical Ranges are as Follows
Men: 42-52%
Women: 37-47%

Human Anatomy & Physiology II Lab (3 decks)

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