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Moving Exam 3 > LA Ortho > Flashcards

LA Ortho Flashcards

1
Q

How do tendons/ligaments respond to injury

A

1) Inflammatory phase
2) Repair phase
3) Remodeling phase

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2
Q

What is the inflammatory phase in tendon injury?

A

vascular & cellular

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3
Q

What is the repair phase in tendon injury?

A

fibroblasts
intrinsic & extrinsic repair

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4
Q

What is the remodeling phase?

A

decrease tensile strength
decrease elasticity

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of tendon lacerations?

A

slow return to strength
extensor vs. flexor
intended use
associated structures

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6
Q

What is the prognosis of extensor tendon lacerations after repair?

A

good
>75% sound

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7
Q

What is the prognosis of flexors tendon lacerations after repair?

A

Guarded
84% survival
45-82% sound

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8
Q

What anatomy is effected with tarsal luxation?

A

short and long metacarpal ligament & plantar ligament

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with tarsal luxation?

A

usually due to trauma
acute/severe lameness
instability
soft tissue swelling

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10
Q

What are the best diagnostic tools used for tarsal luxation?

A

radiographs

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11
Q

What is the treatment/surgery options for tarsal luxation?

A

full limb cast- foot to stifle
internal fixations if there are fractures

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12
Q

What is the prognosis for tarsal luxation?

A

Fair to poor
depends on degree of damage & presence of fractures

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13
Q

What are the main areas effected by osteochondrosis?

A

Tarsus and hock

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with osteochondrosis?

A

synovial effusion
variable degree of lameness
mild + on flexion test

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15
Q

What are the best diagnostic tools used to confirm osteochondrosis?

A

radiographs

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16
Q

What are the treatment/surgical options for osteochondrosis?

A

surgical removal of fragments

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17
Q

What are the prognoses for osteochondrosis?

A

Mild distal intermediate ridge of tibia lesion–good

Mild lateral trochlear ridge lesion–guarded to poor

Chronic lateral trochlear ridge lesion– guarded to poor

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18
Q

What anatomy is effected with upward patellar fixation?

A

patella/stay apparatus
medial patellar ligament

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with upward patellar fixation?

A

mild/severe lameness
unable to self correct
young developing horses
minis, ponies, donkeys

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20
Q

What are the best diagnostic tools used to confirm upward patellar fixation?

A

Signalment
Clinical Signs
Other Rule outs

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21
Q

What are the treatments/surgical options for upward patellar fixation?

A

Desmoplasty
—-medial patellar ligament splitting

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22
Q

What is the prognosis for upward patellar fixation?

A

Good
Depends on response to surgery and the potential for a repeat desmoplastic which leads to OA

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22
Q

What is the prognosis for upward patellar fixation?

A

Good
Depends on response to surgery and the potential for a repeat desmoplastic which leads to OA

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23
Q

What is another name for Equine Reflex Hypertonia?

A

Stringhalt

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24
Q

What anatomy is effected with stringhalt?

A

Hind limb musculature and nervous system

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25
Q

What are the two forms of stringhalt?

A

Classic form (ideopathic)
–unilateral

Australian form (dandelion ingestion)
–bilateral

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26
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with equine reflex hypertonia?

A

Characteristic gait
–observed at walk or trot
–involuntary & exaggerated flexion of one or both limbs
–limb jerked towards abdomen in cranial phase of stride

27
Q

What are the diagnostic tools used to confirm equine reflex hypertonia?

A

observation of gait
presence of toxic dandelions & lack of other forage

28
Q

What is the treatment/surgical options for stringhalt?

A

prevent ingestion
lateral digital extensor myotenectomy

29
Q

What is the prognosis for prevent ingestion & lateral digital extensor myotenectomy associated with stringhalt?

A

Fair–ingestion
guarded to favorable–Myotenectomy

30
Q

What anatomy is effected with “shivers”

A

bilateral rear limbs

31
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with shivers?

A

gait abnormalities when backing up
trembling of tail while held erect
trembling of the thigh muscles
flexed & trembling hind

32
Q

How is shivers diagnosed?

A

clinical signs
differentiate from stringhalt

33
Q

What are the treatment/surgical options for shivers?

A

None

34
Q

What is the prognosis for shivers?

A

Variable

35
Q

What anatomy is effected with fibroptic myopathy?

A

palpable fibrosis of semitendinosus & semimembrenosus muscles

36
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with fibroptic myopathy?

A

Characteristic gait
–best observed @ walk
–abrupt cessation of cranial phase of stride of affected limb
–foot suddenly jerked caudally just before it hits the ground

37
Q

What are the treatment/surgical options for fibroptic myopathy?

A

semitendinosus tenotomy

38
Q

What is the prognosis for surgical treatment of fibroptic myopathy?

A

most horses improve following surgery

few surgical complications

39
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with ruptured gastrocnemius muscle?

A

acute lameness
partial/complete inability to fix stay apparatus
point of hock dropped

40
Q

What diagnostics are used to confirm ruptured gastrocnemius muscle?

A

clinical signs

41
Q

What are the treatment/surgical options for a ruptured gastrocnemius muscle?

A

Stall rest and stabilization

42
Q

What is the prognosis for a ruptured gastrocnemius muscle?

A

Foals: favorable
Adults: poor for complete rupture

43
Q

What are the clinical signs for a ruptures proneus tertius muscle?

A

ability to extend the tarsus while stifle is flexed
dimple in common calcaneal tendon

44
Q

How is a ruptured proneus tertius muscle diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Ultrasound
Radiographs

45
Q

What are the treatment/surgical options for a ruptured proneus tertius muscle?

A

stall rest for 6 weeks
controlled exercise for 3 months

46
Q

What is the prognosis for a ruptured proneus tertius muscle?

A

Favorable: adults w/ proximal avulsion guarded

47
Q

What is another name for a solar abcess?

A

“Gravel”

48
Q

What anatomy is effected with “gravel”?

A

Dermis/corium of sole
inflammation & infections

49
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with gravel?

A

acute lameness
increased digital pulses with the medial being greater than the lateral
heat on hoof capsule

50
Q

How is gravel diagnosed?

A

Localize area of sensitivity with hoof testers

51
Q

How is gravel treated?

A

Localize it
find it
open it up
let it drain

52
Q

What are the 3 causes of laminitis?

A

Septic/inflammatory conditions
Endocrine & metabolic abnormalities
Excessive unilateral weight bearing

53
Q

What are examples of septic/inflammatory conditions that can lead to laminitis?

A

Carbohydrate overload
GI disturbances (enteritis)
Septic Conditions (retained placenta)

54
Q

What are examples of endocrine & metabolic abnormalities that can lead to laminitis?

A

PPID & equine cushings disease
insulin dysregulation
obesity

55
Q

What are examples of excessive unilateral weight bearing abnormalities that can lead to laminitis?

A

support limb laminitis

56
Q

What anatomical structures are effected with laminitis?

A

Corium lamina & stratum Internum
Dermis & epidermis
DDFT

57
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with laminitis?

A

marked severe lameness
reluctant to move/recumbent
elevated, “bounding” digital pulse
heat in hoof capsule
Can be all 4 feet usually just front feet

58
Q

What are the 5 treatment options for laminitis?

A

1) remove inciting cause/correct primary problem
2) control inflammation
3) reduce/prevent derangement of laminar blood flow
4) minimize mechanical trauma to the weakened lamellae
5) radiographic monitoring

59
Q

What degree of lameness has a better prognosis for laminitis?

A

no lameness or distal phalanx-hoof wall separation

lameness w/o distal phalanx hoof wall separation

60
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with navicular syndrome?

A

short choppy gait
lameness exacerbated by work on hard ground & tight circles
lameness is markedly improved by anesthesia of the palmar digital nerve

61
Q

What are the diagnostic tools used to support navicular syndrome?

A

Radiographs

MRI (gold standard)

62
Q

What might you see on radiographs for navicular syndrome?

A

synovial foramina: enlargement, increase in number +/- irregular shape?
medullary sclerosis
enthesopathy
distal boarder fragmentation
lysis or irregularity of flexor cortex
cystic formation

63
Q

What are some treatment options that can be used for navicular syndrome?

A

trimming/shoeing
intrasynovial therapies
bone resorption inhibitors
NSAIDs
rest, controlled exercise & rehabilitation

64
Q

What are some surgical options for navicular syndrome?

A

Bursoscopy
Tenoscopy

Moving Exam 3 (13 decks)

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