L9: Scientific Transformation - 19th and 20th Centuries Flashcards
1
Q
Who arrived at the idea that the cell was the center of pathologic processes?
A
- Rudolf Virchow
1
Q
What contribution did Marie/Pierre Curie make towards progression of medicine?
A
- They discovered polonium and radium. Radius was used as a chemotherapeutic.
3
Q
Who was Theodor Billroth?
A
- was a German surgeon who refined Listerian antisepsis. He began daily post-operative evaluation of temperatures (introduced previously by Boerhaave). He developed new abdominal operations including gastric resections and esophagectomies.
4
Q
Who was James Simpson?
A
- British obstetrician who discovered anesthesia with chloroform in 1847 and introduced it for use during childbirth.
5
Q
Who was Robert Koch?
A
- a small town family doctor, not researcher, in Germany made bacteriology into a real science. He discovered many microorganisms responsible for many diseases. Won nobel prize in medicine in 1905.
5
Q
Who was Horace Wells?
A
- American dentist colleague of William Mortan who demonstrated unsuccessful use of nitrous oxide at Mass Gen in 1845.
6
Q
Explain the transformation that occurred within the field of surgery during the 19th century? Who were the people responsible for these changes?
A
- Pain and sepsis no longer impeded surgery as a result of major advances in antisepsis and anesthesia. Surgeries previously focused on abscesses, amputations, bone-setting, but now involved peritoneal cavity, which before was limited as outcomes were mostly unfavorable. By the 20th century, abdominal and bowel surgeries were common. The 19th century began the century of surgery. - Theodor Billroth was a German surgeon who refined Listerian antisepsis. He began daily post-operative evaluation of temperatures (introduced previously by Boerhaave). He developed new abdominal operations including gastric resections and esophagectomies. - William Halsted, an American surgeon, was a student of Billroth and disciple of Lister’s antisepsis method, began using rubber gloves in surgery. Idea arose as an idea to prevent one of the nurses (also his girlfriend) from getting a rash as a reaction to the carbolic acid. He is best known as a cancer surgeon (performed radical mastectomies). He trained many 20th century surgeons including Henry Cushing and SL Taylor (former president of DMU)
6
Q
Who made advancements and refined EKG?
A
- Willem Einthoven
7
Q
Who was William Morton?
A
- Dentist and medical student who was credited with first successful public demonstration of anesthesia at Mass Gen in 1846.
8
Q
Who was Rudolf Virchow?
A
- He ended the idea of humoral physiology and stated the cell was the center of pathologic processes.
9
Q
Who was Ignaz Semmelweiss?
A
- Hungarian obstetrician noted puerperal / childbed fever was carried from patient to patient by whomever was delivering babies. Counseled washing of hands in chorine-water solution between deliveries and showed dramatic decline in fever
10
Q
Who was Louis Pasteur?
A
- researcher who espoused the germ theory of disease and proved many microorganisms were responsible for many diseases.
11
Q
Who was Johannes Muller?
A
- He is considered one of the father’s of modern anatomy. He began the process of separating physiology and anatomy and called for physiology based on chemistry and physics
13
Q
How did scientific research in anesthesia shape medicine in the 19/20th centuries? Who were the people responsible for these changes?
A
- Anesthesia was unknown until the mid-19th century. Early agents used were ethyl ether, chloroform and nitrous oxide. Discover of anesthesia changed surgical procedures forever. - Crawford Long (American physician) was the first to use anesthesia publicly in 1842, but was unreported, so credit not given to him. - Horace Wells (American dentist colleague of William Mortan) who demonstrated unsuccessful use of nitrous oxide at Mass Gen in 1845. - William Morton was dentist and medical student was credited with first successful public demonstration of anesthesia at Mass Gen in 1846. - James Simpson (British obstetrician) discovered anesthesia with chloroform in 1847 and introduced it for use during childbirth.
14
Q
Who was Crawford Long?
A
- American physician was the first to use anesthesia publicly in 1842, but was unreported, so credit not given to him.
