Exam Flashcards
How did scientific research in roentgenography shape medicine in the 19/20th centuries? Who was responsible for this progress?
- Karl Roentgen discovered x-rays and x-ray photography. He incorporated these into medicine with the first x-rays used in 1896
Who was Gerhard Domagk and what was his contribution to medicine?
- He investigated azo dyes as antibacterials. - Found red dye, Prontosil, cured mice injected with lethal numbers of streptococci - Active component in drug was sulfanilamide, the first sulfa drug.
How is traditional Chinese medicine similar / dissimilar to Greco-Roman medicine?
- Empedoclean elements are seen in Yin/Yang - Chinese rejected venisection - Actual body parts made up Greco-Roman anatomy, while anatomy in Chinese medicine was based on non-body parts, but perceived function of structure - Chinese medicine knew about pulse like Greek Herophilus (first person to study it)
What is bonesetting?
- Historically were disreputable non-physicians that were family trained and kept/handed their skills down in families. Used manipulation to correct dislocations, fractures and painful joints. - Still once advertised himself as a lightning bonesetter.
Who was Paul Ehrlich and what was his contribution to medicine?
- He was a researcher with Sahachiro Hata who helped found modern chemotherapy. Developed Salvarsan (preparation 606) that was a specific treatment for 1909.
Who is Simeon Taylor?
- Was the president of Des Moines Still College of Osteopathy in 1911. He was and MD and DO and broad osteopath. He trained under William Halsted in surgery at Johns Hopkins.
What is Hellenistic medicine? What is the role of ancient Alexandria in medical education, research and what were the contributions by Erasistratus and Herophilus?
- After death of Alexander, generals known as Hellenes divided world into kingdoms. Alexandria (Egypt) because a center for education, including site of the Alexandria medical school founded by Herophilus/Erasistratus (Greeks) around 330-260 BCE. - Herophilus dissected human cadavers, described and named internal organ, discovered the duodenum and prostate and dissected brain and nerves. - Erisastratus called the body a machine (used by AT Still), dissected cadavers, described valves of hear, differentiated sensory and motor nerves, believed brain to be seat of intelligence, concluded hear was not the center of sensation, but functioned as a pump, denied teleology (purposeful creation of things).
Who was credited with the first public use of anesthesia? Was this the first time it was used?
- William Morton was publicly credited for first successful use of anesthesia at Mass Gen in 1846. Crawford Long first used it publicly in 1842, but was not credited as it was not reported.
Who was Imhotep? How did he add to Western medical traditions?
- Ancestor of modern physicians (first known healer whose name we know of) from ~ 2700 BCE, physician to Pharaoh
Who is the father of pharmacology?
- Paracelsus
Who was Francis Bacon and what was his contribution to medicine?
- English lawyer, scientist and legislator. - He was minister to queen and king - While in public office, he was convicted on charges of corruption and fined. As a result, he was ineligible for office and dedicated the remainder of his life to study. - Developed inductive reasoning rather than Aristotle’s deductive reasoning. - Result of his work is scientific method.
Who made advancements and refined EKG?
- Willem Einthoven
When and where was AT Still born?
- Born in 1828 near Jonesville, VA
Explains the origins/roots/traditions of Islamic Medicine.
- Islamic medicine, like other regions, had it roots in folk medicine that had beliefs in animism (everything has spirit), amulets, charms, incantations, etc. - Health / illness was attributed to spirits, ie. jinn and evil eye - Many practices from Egypt, Byzantium, Europe and India, such as bloodletting, cupping, cautery and leeching were practiced. - Complex pharmacopeia was developed for use during this time - Region faced similar sanitary proplems, nutritional issues and diseases seen in Europe - Central tenet to Islam is that of human well-being; duty is to take care of body and spirit - Prophet Muhammad provided guidelines for achieving/maintaining health, eg. Washing, cleanliness, sensible eating, proper hygiene etc. - In the 7th/8th centuries, Islam was formalized, traditional healing practices were eliminated, eg. Animism, Jinn etc. - Idea of “learned medicine” arose in 9th century through translation of Greek medical texts and establishment of Bayt al-Hikma under Johannitius - Thought by Islamic traditionalist that medicine is foreign to Islam (Devil is physician etc.) - Madrasas (schools where religious learning took place) developed medical curricula - Galenistic / Hippocratic medicine was practiced under scientists/physicians: Johannitius, Rhazes, Avicenna and Maimonides
Who was Werner Forssman and what was his contribution to medicine?
- He demonstrated safe cardiac cartheterization on himself in 1929, which lead to anatomic demonstration of coronary arteries and real-time physiologic recordings of cardiac function
Who is Asclepius? Explain the rise of his followers and their contributions to Western medical traditions?
- Asclepius (from ~600 BCE) is the son of Apollo and a Greek warrior in the Iliad, known as a blameless physician. He is known as god of healing. His rod, entwined by serpent, symbolizes medicine / health care today. Asclepiads are the cults/families/clans are the healers that claimed ancestry to Asclepius. Hippocrates was born into an asclepiad around 500 BCE. His Oath may actually be a pledge of loyalty to Asclepius/cult.
Who was Robert Boyle and what was his contribution to medicine?
- Was a natural philospher who refined many ideas of Paracelsus, Bacon and Descartes, establishing a paradigm for empiric research. - He argued against traditional elements of various systems (including empedoclean). - He showed that air was necessary for combustion, life and sound. Was interested in blood and its function.
Who were William and John Hunter and what were their contributions to medicine?
- William Hunter was a Scottish anatomist, physician and obstetrician in London who studied in Edinburgh - He taught privately in London on dissecting and operative procedures. Was also physician to Queen. - With his brother, John, built a famous anatomy theater in London comprising thousands of specimens for hundreds of species. - Wrote famously about the anatomy of the gravid uterus - John Hunter was a Scottish anatomist and surgeon who initially worked alongside is brother teaching anatomy in London - He was a very famous bodysnatcher. - He was an energetic researcher and thinker and contributed much to medicine, including: study of inflammation, work on GSWs, study of venereal diseases, absorption of fat by lacteals, anatomical development of a child, separation of materal / fetal blood supplies and role of lymphatic system.
Who was Johannes Muller?
- He is considered one of the father’s of modern anatomy. He began the process of separating physiology and anatomy and called for physiology based on chemistry and physics
What does Ayurveda mean?
- knowledge of long life
Who was Rudolf Virchow?
- He ended the idea of humoral physiology and stated the cell was the center of pathologic processes.
Who was Karl Roentgen?
- Karl Roentgen discovered x-rays and x-ray photography. He incorporated these into medicine with the first x-rays used in 1896.
Who was Thomas Sydenham and what was his contribution to medicine?
- considered English Hippocrates - studied at Oxford Uni - emphasized bedside medicine and personal observation - believed diseases were specific entities, as opposed to symptoms being diseases
Who was the first DO?
- William Smith