L5: The Renaissance Flashcards
1
Q
Who was Desiderius Erasmus and what was his contribution to the medical renaissance?
A
- Born in Holland, he was a leader in European scholarship in the late 15th/early 16th century - Not a physician - Inspired edition of Galen and issues his own version of Galenic essays
2
Q
Who was Ambroise Pare and what was his contribution to the medical renaissance?
A
- French barber-surgeon in 16th century - Royal surgeon - Educated by apprenticeship (possible under Jacobus Sylvius) - Made advances in field of surgery: no more oil cautery, gentle treatment of wounds (Turpentine use), ligatures for blood control, gunshot treatments - Known as “father of Surgery”
3
Q
What was the influence of the Fabrica written by Vesalius?
A
- the study of anatomy become the central component (still is today); - spurred many to dissect, correct and delineate unknown body - medicine became more about looking inside the body - influenced other disciplines
4
Q
What were three important concepts that arose from De Humani Corporis Fabrica?
A
- the anatomist should perform his own dissection - the eye is preferred over reference to authority (don’t rely on what your professor tells you) - anatomy is the key to medicine
5
Q
Explain the rediscovery of Galen during the Renaissance.
A
- Under the Aldine Press (printing office in Venice), copy of Galen’s work was translated from Arabic into Greek - Lead to reappraisal of dissection inspired by Galen - Galen’s work had 590 editions in the 16th century - Medical schools incorporated Galen into their curricula - Jacobus Sylvius, French anatomist and physician, upheld Galen and Hippocrates. Advocated that they never wrote anything in medicine that wasn’t entirely true. Advocated true return to Galen from Greek language, not derived from Arabic, etc.
6
Q
What is De Humani Corporis Fabrica?
A
- Anatomy text “on the fabric of the human body” written by Andreas Vesalius in 1543 - Filled with elaborate, accurate anatomical drawings - Laid foundation for observational anatomy - Refuted errors in Galen - Elaborated three concepts: anatomist should perform his own dissection, eye is preferred over reference to authority, anatomy is key to medicine
7
Q
Who was Jacobus Sylvius?
A
- Jacobus Sylvius was a French anatomist and physician in the 15th-16th centuries who upheld Galen and Hippocrates. Advocated that they never wrote anything in medicine that wasn’t entirely true. Advocated true return to Galen from Greek language, not derived from Arabic, etc. He was the professor of Andreas Vesalius and an opponent of his student.
8
Q
Explain the societal forces that lead to the Renaissance.
A
- The Renaissance is a long, complex period of the “rebirth” of art, science and medicine from 1300 to 1650. - Iberia and Andalusia is reconquested, previously occupied by Arabs. As a result, medical literature is more readily available in Europe - Sociopolitics changes under influence of city-states and Medici family - Bubonic plague decimates ~ 25 % of Europe’s population - Religious art is commissioned, humanistic views are popular - Renaissance begins in Florence: Medieval period which preceded this age, becomes known as “Dark Ages”; Roman and Greek manuscripts are collected and translated - Science, philosophy and medicine written by Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen are revived. - New ideas and inventions take place: politics, art, printing, gunpowder, compass etc. - Human dissection improved anatomic knowledge, medical illustration (Da Vinci, Michelangelo) and fine art
9
Q
Who is the father of pharmacology?
A
- Paracelsus
10
Q
Who was Paracelsus and what was his contribution to the medical renaissance?
A
- full name: Theophrastus Phillipus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim - Swiss born - Surgeon, city physician on Basel - Scorned University physicians, burned Avicenna’s Qanun in public, had to leave town under fire - Known as the “father of Pharmacology” because of his expertise in drugs and herbal remedies - Attempted to replace humors with his own metallic system - Contemptuous of learned medicine via university - Spurred group of Paracelsians who spread through Europe in 16th centuries, vehement opponents of Galenism: relied heavily on chemicals
11
Q
Who was Andreas Vesalius and what was his contribution to the medical renaissance?
A
- Belgian born anatomist and student of Jacobus Sylvius in the 16th century - Produced some of the first anatomic illustrations for medical students (Tabulae anatomic sexe). Some of these illustrations perpetuated the errors of Galen, ie. 5-lobed human liver - He wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica in 1543. - Influenced the study of medical education for several hundred years - Many very successful surgeons, anatomists and physicians studied under him, who ended up discovering pulmonary circulation, Fallopian tube, venous valves etc.
12
Q
Who is the father of surgery?
A
- Ambroise Pare
