L7: Medicine and the Enlightenment - 18th Century Flashcards
Explain changes that were occurring during the “Enlightment” that contributed to advances in medicine.
- The 18th century saw vast advances that advanced knowledge and reformed society through: - Use of science and intellect over superstition, romanticism and tradition - Vast dissemination of knowledge through printing and travel - Physicians becoming true scientists
Who demonstrated efficacy of vaccination?
- Edward Jenner
What is heroic medicine?
- Medicine involving bleeding using venisection and purging of bowels via emetics.
Who was Leopold Auenbrugger?
- Austrian physician who researched percussion as a diagnostic measure, including detection of cavities in lungs, location and size determination of pathologies using percusson.
Who researched percussion as a diagnostic measure?
- Leopold Auenbrugger
Who was the father of anatomical pathology?
- Giovanni Battista Morgagni
Who was the American Hippocrates?
- Benjamin Rush
Who was Edward Jenner and what was his contribution to medicine?
- English physician, natural philosopher and surgeon apprentice - Studied under John Hunter - Demonstrated efficacy of vaccination (against smallpox using cowpox blister, testing variolation later showing result of no disease), did not discover vaccination or inoculation
What is calomel? What was it used for?
- Calomel is mercury chloride and it was used in the 18th through 19th centuries as part of heroic medical treatments for purging bowels to cure disease.
Who was Albrecht Von Haller and what were his contributions to medicine?
- Was a Swiss physician and chair of medicine, anatomy, botany and surgery at Uni of Gottingen. - Known as father of modern physiology, published volumes on Human Physiology
Did Edward Jenner invent/discover vaccination?
- No. He demonstrated the efficacy of it.
Who was Jean Nicolas Corvisart and what was his contribution to medicine?
- French physician who studied in Paris, including attending the Hotel Dieu hospital - Translated Auenbrugger’s book on percussion - Called the “First Heart Specialist,” writing on diseases and lesions of the heart and great vessels. - Was physician to Napoleon - Was professor to Rene Laennec
Who is the inventor of the stethoscope?
- Rene Laennec
Who were William and John Hunter and what were their contributions to medicine?
- William Hunter was a Scottish anatomist, physician and obstetrician in London who studied in Edinburgh - He taught privately in London on dissecting and operative procedures. Was also physician to Queen. - With his brother, John, built a famous anatomy theater in London comprising thousands of specimens for hundreds of species. - Wrote famously about the anatomy of the gravid uterus - John Hunter was a Scottish anatomist and surgeon who initially worked alongside is brother teaching anatomy in London - He was a very famous bodysnatcher. - He was an energetic researcher and thinker and contributed much to medicine, including: study of inflammation, work on GSWs, study of venereal diseases, absorption of fat by lacteals, anatomical development of a child, separation of materal / fetal blood supplies and role of lymphatic system.
What was the medication use as an emetic and as part of heroic medicine?
- Calomel, which is mercury chloride.
