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hybw > L9 make things happen > Flashcards

L9 make things happen Flashcards

1
Q

What do efferent nerves do?

A

Carry impulses away from the central nervous system

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2
Q

Where do efferent nerves end?

A

Either on muscles or on glands

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of muscles?

A

Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal

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4
Q

Skeletal muscles are under what’s direct control?

A

CNS

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5
Q

How many skeletal muscles are there in a human body?

A

Around 640

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6
Q

Where does muscle sit in a complex motor system?

A

At the end

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7
Q

What kind of connections do skeletal muscles have with the motor system?

A

Feed-forward and feed-back connections

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8
Q

What are skeletal muscles made of?

A

Muscle fibres

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9
Q

Each muscle fibre receives input from how many spinal motor neurons?

A

One

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10
Q

Where do spinal motor neuron cell bodies live?

A

In the ventral horn of the spinal cord

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11
Q

How many fibres do one spinal neuron contact?

A

Several

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12
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

All muscle fibres supplied by one motor neuron

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13
Q

When will fibres perform a short contraction?

A

Each time the motor neuron fires an action potential

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14
Q

Why skeletal muscles are called striate?

A

It contains alternating stripes of actin and myosin filaments

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15
Q

Consequence of nerve fibre activation.

A

Firing action potentials along the muscle fibre membrane and trigger Ca++ release

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16
Q

What does firing action potentials allow?

A

Allows myosin proteins to latch on to actin fibres, leading to contraction

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17
Q

What will happen if there is no further inputs from nerve fibre activation?

A

Ca++ is reabsorbed, myosin let go of the actin and the muscle relaxes

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18
Q

What does myofibrils made of?

A

Protein filaments

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19
Q

What does sarcoplasmic reticulum contain?

A

Ca++ ions and voltage gated Ca++ channels

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20
Q

When the muscle is at rest, what happens to the myosin binding site?

A

It will be covered up by tropomyosin (protein)

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21
Q

What happens when actin and myosin are not attached when the muscle is at rest?

A

Actin and myosin will slide past each other and the muscle will become longer

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22
Q

What makes tropomyosin leave?

A

Ca++

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23
Q

When myosin head bends backwards, what does it release and what does it do?

A

ADP and myosin head pulls itself forward

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24
Q

What causes a release from actin?

A

ATP binding to myosin

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25
Q

Before myosin ready to undergo new binding cycle and pulling cycle, what does it do?

A

Myosin uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to stretch itself

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26
Q

What do skeletal muscles contain?

A

Muscle fibres and spindles which incorporate stretch receptors

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27
Q

How does stretch receptors send signals back to the spinal cord?

A

Through fast conducting A-beta fibres

28
Q

Gamma motor neurons control what kind of contractions?

A

Muscle spindle contractions

29
Q

What does alpha motor neurons control?

A

Ordinary muscle fibres

30
Q

How can muscle spindle afferents form monosynaptic reflex arcs in the spinal cord?

A

Muscle spindle afferents connect straight to alpha motor neurons

31
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Receptors for muscle stretch in the two-neuron stretch reflex (stretch receptors within the body of a skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle)

32
Q

Other than simple, direct connection, what are the other connections that allow reflex to serve postural control function?

A

Synergistic and inhibitory

33
Q

Muscles can only ____ (pull, push, contract)

A

Pull & contract

34
Q

Muscle contracted, stretched

A

Agonist, extensor

35
Q

Muscle relaxed, bending a limb

A

Antagonist, flexor

36
Q

Other than stretch receptors, reflexes can also be triggered by? Name 2 sample reflex

A

Sensory afferents

nociceptive withdrawal reflex, pupillary light reflex

37
Q

With the ‘reflex’ theory of nervous system we mean that

A

The nervous system is entirely reactive to external stimuli

38
Q

Simple spinal motor circuits can sometimes exhibit ______ patterned activity. Give an example.

A

spontaneous; central pattern generators

39
Q

What is often predictive rather than reactive to external stimuli? and what does it depend?

A

Motor control; context (the ‘cognitive state’ of the subject)

40
Q

What can isolated spinal cords able to do?

A

Orchestrating complex movements

41
Q

Can spinal cord orchestrating complex and intricate movement patterns?

A

Yes

42
Q

Primary motor cortex (M1) connects directly to ___________ via the _________

A

Spinal motor neurons; cortico-spinal tract

43
Q

Name the motor related areas of cortex. (6)

A 
Frontal eye fields
Supplementary motor area
Primary motor cortex
Somatosensory cortex
Broca's area
Premotor area
44
Q

What is Penfield’s Homunculi? (recognise)

A

A distorted representation of the human body, based on a neurological “map” of the areas and proportions of the human brain

45
Q

Which 3 cortex have a somatotopic organisation?

A

Primary, supplementary and premotor cortex

46
Q

How are the primary, supplementary and premotor cortex tuned?

A

Movement direction tuned

47
Q

What do primary, supplementary and premotor cortex collaborate with to compute movement intentions?

A

Basal ganglia and the spinal cord

48
Q

How are overall movement direction is specified?

A

By a ‘population vector’ which weights preferred direction of each neuron by how strongly it is activated

49
Q

How can population vectors can be ‘read out’ in real time?

A

With multi-electrode arrays

50
Q

Reading out population encoding of motor intention makes what possible?

A

Brain-machine interfaces

51
Q

Where does the cortico-spinal tract originate?

A

The deep layers of M1

52
Q

Instead of specifying which motor unit to contract, how do neurons encode movement?

A

Encode the direction to move a limb in

53
Q

Which areas specify co-ordinated movements involving more than one muscle or limb?

A

Supplementary and pre-motor areas

54
Q

Which cortex contains mirror neurons?

A

Pre-frontal cortex

55
Q

What do the mirror neurons do?

A

Encode ‘actions’ irrespective of who the action is performed by

56
Q

Which side does the Broca’s area lateralise?

A

To the left

57
Q

What does the Broca’s area do?

A

Produce grammatical speech

58
Q

Damage to Broca’s leads to __________ while leaving the ability to _______ intact.

A

motor aphasia; understand speech

59
Q

Wernicke’s area is not well defined, but which part does it involve?

A

Boundary of the superior temporal and parietal area on the left hemisphere

60
Q

Which area is more responsible for speech understanding?

A

Wernicke’s area

61
Q

Broca’s aphasia is usually associated with lesion to the __________

A

left frontal cortex

62
Q

What is the name of the big fibre bundle that connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area?

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

63
Q

The further up you go the motor hierarchy, the _____ activity will precede the _______

A

more; actual movement initiation

64
Q

Already in the ________ you can get electrical activity as much as half a second prior to a spontaneous, self-timed movement. (bereitschaftspotential/ _____)

A

supplementary motor area; readiness potential

65
Q

If electrically stimulate M1, people will_______.

A

feel their limbs are being moved

66
Q

If stimulate _______, they feel they want to move

A

supplementary motor areas

hybw (12 decks)

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