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hybw > L4 taste, smell, touch > Flashcards

L4 taste, smell, touch Flashcards

1
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Reward, attention, memory, planning, and motivation

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2
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Sense of touch, temperature, pain and language processing

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3
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Memory, hearing, language, comprehension, emotion

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4
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Visual processing

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5
Q

Retinotopic map is for _____ input.

A

visual

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6
Q

Tonotopic map is for _____ input

A

audio

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7
Q

3 cortices with sensory modalities.

A

Somatosensory, gustatory (taste), olfactory (smell)

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8
Q

Brain stem contains… (3)

A

Midbrain, pons and medulla

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9
Q

Brainstem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via ________

A

cranial nerves

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10
Q

Of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, ___ pairs come from the brain stem.

A

10

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11
Q

What role does the brainstem play?

A

Regulation of cardiac and respiratory function

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12
Q

Where does spinal cord attach to?

A

Brainstem

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13
Q

Name the conduit of information (brain-body)

A

Skin, joints, muscles. spinal nerves: dorsal root, ventral root

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14
Q

What is peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

What does somatic PNS innervate?

A

Skin, joints, muscles

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16
Q

What is dorsal root ganglia?

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the spinal cord that contain somatic sensory axons

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17
Q

What does visceral PNS do?

A

Innervates internal organs and their functions such as blood circulation, hormone release, heart rate, digestion and urination, sexual arousal

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18
Q

What is phrenology based on?

A

The concept of brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized specific modules

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19
Q

Franz Joseph Gall’s assumption in 1796, that _________, _________, and _______ are located in a specific parts of the brain is considered an important historical advance toward neuropsy.

A

Character, thought, emotions

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20
Q

Brain map is continuously modified by ______

A

experience

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21
Q

What happens to a violinist’ brain map?

A

Auditory cortex will have larger sensitivity to violin. Somatosensory cortex will enlarge cortical map to left-hand fingers

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22
Q

What is perception?

A

Continuous interpretation of the world based on sensory systems, memory, and other neural processes

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23
Q

Information is sent from the periphery to ____

A

CNS

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24
Q

External environment _______ ; internal environment ________

A

sensory; visceral afferent

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25
Q

What does somatosensory system sense?

A

Pressure and temperature

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26
Q

What is somatic?

A

sensations of skin

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27
Q

What is proprioception?

A

perception of limb and body

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28
Q

What is the modality of balance and equilibrium?

A

Acceleration

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29
Q

What is the modality of taste and smell?

A

Chemicals

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30
Q

What do sensory receptors do?

A

Detect specific form of energy in the external environment

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31
Q

Photoreceptors are for? and its modality.

A

Vision; photons of light

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32
Q

Chemoreceptors are for? and its modality.

A

Taste, smell, pain; chemicals dissolved in saliva, chemical dissolved in mucus, chemicals in extracellular fluid

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33
Q

Thermoreceptors are for? and its modality.

A

Warmth and cold; increase T between 30-43, decrease in T between 35-20

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34
Q

Mechanoreceptors are for? and its modality.

A

Vibration, sound, balance and equilibrium; pressure, sound waves, acceleration

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35
Q

Name 2 mechanoreceptors.

A

Pacinian corpuscle, hair cells

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36
Q

What is sensory transduction?

A

Conversion of stimulus energy into electrical energy

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37
Q

Receptor/ graded potentials are triggered by _____.

A

sensory stimuli

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38
Q

If the receptor potential __________, it can generate an action potential.

A

exceeds threshold

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39
Q

__________ in spinal cord. (somatosensory)

A

Dorsal root ganglion

40
Q

_________ in nasal cavity. (smelling)

A

Olfactory receptor cells

41
Q

__________ in cochlear. (hearing)

A

Hair cells

42
Q

_______ in retina. (vision)

A

Rod/cone cells

43
Q

_________ in taste bud. (taste)

A

Taste receptor cell

44
Q

What is sensory pathways?

A

Specific neural pathways transmitting information of a specific modality

45
Q

Sensory unit: all receptors are of _______ type within a _______

A

similar; modality

46
Q

Sensory unit: __________ may result from activation of receptors

A

Action potential

47
Q

What is receptive field?

A

Area in which a sensory unit is activated

48
Q

What is the coding for stimulus intensity?

A

Frequency of action potentials; number of receptors or units activated (population coding)

49
Q

Stronger stimulus activates more _____ or more _______

A

receptors; sensory units

50
Q

Name the generalized pathway for sensory systems.

A

Stimulus -> receptors -> afferent neuron -> spinal cord/ brainstem -> second-order neuron -> thalamus -> third-order neuron -> cortex

51
Q

Somatosensory receptors: What does proprioceptors do?

A

Position of the limb in space (joint angle, muscle length, muscle tension)

52
Q

Somatosensory receptors: What does mechanoreceptors do?

A

Sensation of mechanical pressure/ distortion

53
Q

Somatosensory receptors: What does thermoreceptors do?

A

Sensation of relative changes in temperature in Ruffini’s ending

54
Q

Somatosensory receptors: What does nociceptors do?

A

Pain sensation by damaging stimuli in free nerve ending

55
Q

Name the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

A

Proprioceptors/ mechanoreceptors -> medulla oblongata -> thalamus -> primary somatosensory cortex

56
Q

What are the somesthetic sensation?

A

Touch & pressure, proprioception

57
Q

Name the spinal cord-thalamus pathway

A

Nociceptors/ thermoreceptors -> spinal cord -> thalamus -> primary somatosensory cortex

58
Q

What does the spinothalamic tract sense?

A

Temperature and tissue-damaging stimuli

59
Q

Which pathway skipped medulla?

A

Spino cord-thalamus pathway

60
Q

Pain sensation is produced by _________

A

tissue-damaging stimulus

61
Q

Pain elicits ________ and ________ response.

A

autonomic; emotional

62
Q

Pain perception in spinothalamic tract.

A

Somatic PNS, visceral PNS -> thalamus

63
Q

What is two-point discrimination?

A

A sensory acuity that is an ability to perceive 2 points on the skin

64
Q

Two-point discrimination is used to determine _____

A

tactile agnosia

65
Q

What is two-point threshold?

A

The smallest distance between two points that still results in the perception of two distinct stimuli is recorded as the two-point threshold

66
Q

What is tactile acuity?

A

The keenness or sharpness of the sense of touch, usually measured by the two-point threshold

67
Q

Which place has the highest acuity?

A

Lips

68
Q

Which place has the least acuity?

A

Calf

69
Q

What is a taste bud?

A

A cluster of taste cells (receptor cells)

70
Q

Microvilli at the _____ of the taste cells extend into the ______

A

apical end; taste pore

71
Q

How many taste buds?

A

More than 10,000 taste buds

72
Q

Taste pore exposed to ____ in mouth.

A

saliva

73
Q

How many taste receptors cells per taste bud?

A

50-150

74
Q

Taste receptors respond to ______, that give food its flavor.

A

tastants

75
Q

Taste sour due to…

A

H+

76
Q

Taste salty due to…

A

Na+

77
Q

Taste sweet due to…

A

ligands (sugar)

78
Q

Taste bitter due to…

A

ligands (quinine)

79
Q

Do each taste receptor cell only respond to one taste?

A

No, each responds to all four primary tastes. Receptor cells generally respond to one taste more strongly than the others

80
Q

One taste bud one receptor cell?

A

Different types of receptor cells located within a taste bud

81
Q

Sensory neurons = cranial nerves…

A

VII, IX and X

82
Q

Neural pathway for taste terminate in _______

A

brainstem gustatory nucleus -> thalamus -> gustatory cortex in parietal lobe

83
Q

Olfaction depends on chemicals in ____ that bind to ________ in the ________.

A

air; chemoreceptors; olfactory epithelium

84
Q

Where does olfactory epithelium locate?

A

In nasal cavity

85
Q

What are the 3 cell types that make olfactory epithelium?

A

Receptor cells; basal cells; sustentacular cell

86
Q

Describe the receptor cells for smell.

A

Neurons that respond to odorants

87
Q

What is basal cells?

A

Precursor cells for new receptor cells

88
Q

What does sustentacular cell do?

A

Maintain extracellular environment

89
Q

Name the order in olfactory epithelium.

A

Mucus layer -> cilia of receptor cell -> receptor cell -> sustentacular cell -> basal cell -> lamina propria -> cribriform plate -> axon of olfactory nerve

90
Q

The neurons (basal neurons) that are _______ continuously.

A

replaced

91
Q

Chemoreceptors will be used when cilia project into _____.

A

mucus

92
Q

Where do olfactory binding proteins locate?

A

Mucus

93
Q

What do olfactory binding proteins do?

A

Transport odorants to receptors

94
Q

_______ comprises cranial nerve I, the _______ nerve.

A

Axons of receptor cells; olfactory

95
Q

Neural pathway for olfaction: Communication between _______ and _______ in glomeruli.

A

Mitral cells; olfactory neuron

96
Q

Neural pathway for olfaction: Relay in _______ to _______ cortex

A

olfactory tubercle; cerebral

97
Q

The neocortex is reached only by a pathway that synapses in the ______ of the _____

A

medial dorsal nucleus; thalamus

hybw (12 decks)

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